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Ms. Cristelle Pratt, speaking at "Healers of Our Ocean" (Oceans Conference, New York 2017)
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

SPREP

2017
Side-event at Oceans Conference 2017 - Healers of Our Ocean
Time-resolved record of 236U and 239,240Pu isotopes from a coral growing during the nuclear testing program at Enewetak Atoll (Marshall Islands)

Chan, W. Y.

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Fallon, S. J.

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Fifield, L. K.

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Froehlich, M. B.

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Tims, S. G.

2016
A comprehensive series of nuclear tests were carried out by the United States at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands, especially between 1952 and 1958. A Porites Lutea coral that was growing in the Enewetak lagoon within a few km of all of the high-yield tests contains a continuous record of isotopes, which are of interest (e.g. 14 C, 236 U, 239, 240 Pu) through the testing period. Prior to the present work, 14C measurements at ~2-month resolution had shown pronounced peaks in the D 14C data that coincided with the times at which tests were conducted. Here were port measurements of 236 U and 239, 240 Pu on the same coral using accelerator mass spectrometry, and again nd prominent peaks in the concentrations of these isotopes that closely follow those in 14C. Consistent with the 14C data, the magnitudes of these peaks do not, however, correlate well with the explosive yields of the corresponding tests, indicating that smaller tests probably contributed disproportionately to the debris that fell in the lagoon. Additional information about the different tests can also be obtained from the 236 U/ 239 Pu and 240 Pu/ 239 Pu ratios, which are found to vary dramatically over the testing period. In particular, the rst thermonuclear test, Ivy-Mike, has characteristic 236 U/239 Pu and 240 Pu/ 239 Pu signatures which are diagnostic of the rst arrival of nuclear test material in various archives.
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Replacement Causeway for Foa Island, Kingdom of Tonga
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

GEOCARE & Petroleum Consult Ltd

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Kitekei'aho, Talanoa Fuka

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Ngaluafe, Poasi

2010
The purpose of the action is to improve transportation and reduce maintenance cost by upgrading causeway between Foa and Lifuka Islands, to become more resilient and less vulnerable to impacts of high energy waves. Built in the period 1978-1979, the raised coral structure has served the people of Foa and Lifuka well despite increasing maintenance cost. The replacement structure is similar to the existing one but with rock armoring to reduce the energy of waves impacting on the structure and culverts in the middle to encourage water flows to the western side of the Causeway. The estimated cost of construction is about TOP4.67 million. Environmental effects requiring specific analysis are limited to the followings; · possible effect of the structure on coastal erosion · dispersion of fine sediment from the construction site and its possible effects on fauna and flora in the nearby areas. Other effects considered in the analysis include social issues on fisheries and tourism, health issues on fish poisoning and on biological communities of the areas.
Climate Risk Management in Water Sector in Tonga
Climate Change Resilience
Available Online

Fakhruddin, Bapon (Shm)

Natural disasters have a significant impact in the Pacific Islands. Between 1950 and 2004, more than 200 disasters resulted in more than 1700 fatalities and losses amounting to USD 6.5 billion. Given their small populations and economies, such losses are traumatic to Pacific Island countries. Tonga, one of 52 Small Island Developing States (SIDS), is highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change and disasters due principally to its geographical, geological, and socio–economic characteristics. Climate change and natural disasters pose severe adverse threats on the environment, the people of Tonga, and their livelihoods. Scientific findings revealed that these impacts would be exacerbated by future climate change. The Government of Tonga has acknowledged these risks to the sustainable development of the country and has hence considered these issues as high priorities in its National Strategic Planning Framework. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Australian Government Pacific Adaptation Climate Change (PACC) project have assisted to increase the resilience of the water resources management sector in Tonga and to enhance adaptive capacity of villages, communities and socio–economic activities to climate change and sea level rise (SLR). This paper, however, describes the impacts of water resources due to climate change rather than the PACC results.
Tonga National Infrastructure Investment Plan 2013-2023
Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Clausen, Allison

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D'Este, Glen

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Hamilton, David

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Moala, David

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Pacific Region Infrastructure Facility (PRIF)

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Tupou, Kisione

2013
This is the second NIIP. It updates and builds on the successes of the first NIIP that was prepared in 2010. It continues the focus on responsible investment and improved asset management, and includes a stronger spotlight on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management. The Plan is country owned and led, and was developed with the full participation of and in consultation with internal stakeholders, and private sector and community representatives. The process involved the following key steps: 1. Analysing the key drivers for investments in economic infrastructure that will improve the everyday lives of the people of Tonga and reduce the costs of doing business. 2. Assembling a comprehensive list of economic infrastructure projects in the pipeline based on information from Government, Public Enterprises, and development partners to identify those investment projects that are already underway or have committed funding. 3. Developing and applying a robust prioritisation methodology that reflects national objectives as outlined in the Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2011-2014 (TSDF) to identify a set of infrastructure projects investments that are ‘high priority’ for implementation in the next five years. 4. Considering the whole-of-sector planning implications of high priority projects, and identifying linkages and complementary (non-infrastructure) measures required to obtain best long-term value from investments. 5. Assessing the financial sustainability and level of cost recovery of existing infrastructure, and the proposed investments and linkages with public sector financial management framework. 6. Assessing the current infrastructure funding position of Government and Public Enterprises, and developing a funding strategy that can form the basis for discussion between Government, national stakeholders, and development partners.
Vava'u Marine Services: Vaipua Boatyard Development - Environmental Impact Assessment
Available Online

Walker, Katie

2014
This document reports the findings of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the construction of a hard stand boat haul out and storage facility (here on referred to as a boatyard) in the Vaipua area of the Vava’u island group in the Kingdom of Tonga. The boatyard operation will consist of a compacted haulage slipway, a graded and sealed land area and related terrestrial infrastructure covering an area of approximately 2.42 hectares. The boatyard will be a facility for the long or short term storage of a maximum of 150 vessels up to 55ft in length with a maximum weight of 30 tonnes. Following the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act 2003, approval must be sought from the Tongan Government Ministry for Environment for any predefined major projects that are likely to have an impact on the elements described in the EIA Act. Under Schedule 1 (subsection j) of the EIA Act, this project comprises “of a dry storage area for more than 20 pleasure or recreation craft” rendering it a major project and therefore automatically requiring an EIA to be presented to the Minister of Environment. Pacific Environmental & Ecotourism Consultancy Services (PEECS) (consultant) has been contracted by Vava’u Marine Services (proponent) to prepare the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This EIA is prepared in accordance with the Tongan Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2010 and other relevant regulations and guidelines applicable to the proposed project.
Tonga Water Safety Plans - Nukualofa Urban Supply
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

SOPAC

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Water Safety Plan Programme

Access to safe drinking water is a basic need and is one of the most important contributors to public health and to the economic health of communities. Pacific island countries have yet to overcome the challenge of providing a safe and adequate supply of drinking water to its populations. Infectious, waterborne diseases, such as Typhoid and Cholera and newly emerging pathogens are a major cause of morbidity and mortality within the Pacific region. The World Health Organization (WHO) report that about 2 million people in the world die each year due to diarrhoeal diseases, most of them are children less that 5 years of age. The worst affected are the populations in developing countries. Lack of access to safe drinking water is one of the main contributors to this situation. Traditional approaches that rely on sampling and testing water have failed to achieve extensive improvement in access to safe drinking water. Pacific island countries are committed to achieving targets specified in the Millennium Development Goals (2000), including halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water by 2015. A new strategy is now being promoted globally that is based on risk management principles – drinking water safety planning.
Sanitation and Wastewater Management in Tonga
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Newton, Azania Fusimalohi

2008
A training course on “Improving Sanitation and Wastewater Management for Tonga” is scheduled for 25 – 29 August 2008 in Tonga. Its implementation is a collaborative effort by the Tonga Community Development Trust, Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Coordination Office for the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation – Institute for Water Education (UNESCO- IHE). The donors EU Water Facility, UNDP and GEF are sincerely acknowledged.   This report acts as a background paper on the current status of wastewater and sanitation in Tonga. It was based on an independent review of available literature and stakeholder consultations conducted from 4 – 8 August (refer to annex 1 for agencies/representatives consulted). Tonga does not have a central reticulated wastewater system and thus relies on household-based management. This presents a number of problems when individual households are left to deal with wastewater (from bathrooms, kitchens and toilets).
Environmental Assessment Report (DRAFT) - Proposed Grants and Administration of Grants for Additional Financing - Kingdom of Tonga: Outer Island Renewable Energy Project (Power distribution network upgrade work in Vava'u Island)
Available Online

Ministry of Finance and National Planning

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Tonga Power Ltd.

2015
The proposed additional financing for the Outer Island Energy Efficiency Project (the Project) will assist Tonga Power Ltd. (TPL) and the government of the Kingdom of Tonga (the government) efforts to minimize power distribution losses and reducing the fuel consumption of the existing diesel power plants. This will potentially avoid about 128 tons of CO2 per annum for the project as a whole and 104 tons of CO2 per annum for Vava’u alone.
The Republic of the Marshall Islands: State of the Environment (SOE) Report 2016
Available Online
2016
The 2016 State of Environment (SOE) Report for the Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI) updates the 1992 SOE report. It uses the DPSIR model (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact and Response) and aims to:| Document the key drivers and pressures behind the changing environment.| Assess the RMI environment since 1992, using the best available information on the state of RMI’s environment in seven key themes: Atmosphere and Climate, Land, Marine, Biodiversity, Culture and Heritage, Built Environment and Nuclear Legacy.| Document the impacts of environmental changes on the society, economy and environment from changes in the state of the environment.| Document current responses to protect and better manage RMI’s natural resources.| Provide recommendations for RMI to address key challenges and link them to actions in the National Environmental Management Strategy (NEMS) and other key policy documents. This report is comprised of three discussions: 1. Drivers and Pressures in Marshall Islands: A summary of the main points discussed in the Pressures and Drivers section of the report. 2.The State of RMI’s Environment and Impacts on the Society, Economy and Environment: Key findings for each of the seven themes. 3. Responses and Recommendations – Challenges in Moving from Policy to Action: This presents key responses, opportunities, challenges and recommendations.

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