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  • Tags / Keywords extinction
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Climate change vulnerability assessment of species
Climate Change Resilience, BRB
Available Online

Akçakaya, H. Resit

,

Bickford, David

,

Carr, Jamie A.

,

Foden, Wendy B.

,

Garcia, Raquel A.

,

Hoffmann, Ary A.

,

Hole, David G.

,

Huntley, Brian

,

Martin, Tara G.

,

Pacifici, Michela

,

Pearce‐Higgins, James W.

,

Platts, Philip J.

,

Stein, Bruce A.

,

Thomas, Chris D.

,

Visconti, Piero

,

Watson, James E. M.

,

Wheatley, Christopher J.

,

Young, Bruce E.

2018
Assessing species' vulnerability to climate change is a prerequisite for developing effective strategies to conserve them. The last three decades have seen exponential growth in the number of studies evaluating how, how much, why, when, and where species will be impacted by climate change. We provide an overview of the rapidly developing field of climate change vulnerability assessment (CCVA) and describe key concepts, terms, steps and considerations. We stress the importance of identifying the full range of pressures, impacts and their associated mechanisms that species face and using this as a basis for selecting the appropriate assessment approaches for quantifying vulnerability. We outline four CCVA assessment approaches, namely trait?based, correlative, mechanistic and combined approaches and discuss their use. Since any assessment can deliver unreliable or even misleading results when incorrect data and parameters are applied, we discuss finding, selecting, and applying input data and provide examples of open?access resources. Because rare, small?range, and declining?range species are often of particular conservation concern while also posing significant challenges for CCVA, we describe alternative ways to assess them. We also describe how CCVAs can be used to inform IUCN Red List assessments of extinction risk. Finally, we suggest future directions in this field and propose areas where research efforts may be particularly valuable.
Alien versus native species as drivers of recent extinctions.
BRB

Bellard, C

,

Blackburn, T M

,

Ricciardi, A

2019
Native plants and animals can rapidly become superabundant and dominate ecosystems, leading to claims that native species are no less likely than alien species to cause environmental damage.
Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico Island Conservation - preventing extinctions
BRB
Available Online
Desecheo Island supports important populations of plants, as well as animals found nowhere else in the world such as the Desecheo Anole, Desecheo Ameiva, and Desecheo Dwarf Gecko. Before the introduction of invasive rats, the island hosted large colonies of breeding seabirds, including the world’s largest Brown Booby colony and an important Red-footed Booby colony. But, due to the destruction of native vegetation and predation on eggs and chicks by these invasive rats, seabirds no longer nest on Desecheo and many plants and animals are threatened. Island Conservation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are working together to remove invasive rats from Desecheo Island. With the island free of invasive species, native plants and animals will once again be able to thrive in their natural habitat. Coral reefs in the Marine Reserve surrounding Desecheo (managed by the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources) are also expected to benefit from the island’s restoration; increased vegetation will reduce soil erosion into the sea, and the seabirds will provide valuable nutrients to the adjacent marine ecosystems.
New Zealand island restoration: seabirds, predators, and the importance of history
BRB
Available Online

Peter J Bellingham ? David R Towns ? Ewen K Cameron ? Joe J Davis ? David A Wardle ? Janet M Wilmshurst ? Christa P H Mulder

New Zealand’s offshore and outlying islands have long been a focus of conservation biology as sites of local endemism and as last refuges for many species. During the c. 730 years since New Zealand has been settled by people, mammalian predators have invaded many islands and caused local and global extinctions. New Zealand has led international efforts in island restoration. By the late 1980s, translocations of threatened birds to predator-free islands were well under way to safeguard against extinction. Non-native herbivores and predators, such as goats and cats, had been eradicated from some islands. A significant development in island restoration in the mid-1980s was the eradication of rats from small forested islands. This eradication technology has been refined and currently at least 65 islands, including large and remote Campbell (11 216 ha) and Raoul (2938 ha) Islands, have been successfully cleared of rats. Many of New Zealand’s offshore islands, especially those without predatory mammals, are home to large numbers of breeding seabirds. Seabirds influence ecosystem processes on islands by enhancing soil fertility and through soil disturbance by burrowing. Predators, especially rats, alter ecosystem processes and cause population reductions or extinctions of native animals and plants. Islands have been promoted as touchstones of a primaeval New Zealand, but we are now increasingly aware that most islands have been substantially modified since human settlement of New Zealand. Archaeological and palaeoecological investigations, together with the acknowledgement that many islands have been important mahinga kai (sources of food) for M?ori, have all led to a better understanding of how people have modified these islands. Restoration technology may have vaulted ahead of our ability to predict the ecosystem consequences of its application on islands. However, research is now being directed to help make better decisions about restoration and management of islands, decisions that take account of island history and key drivers of island ecosystem functioning.
Conservation of kakerori (Pomarea dimidiata) : report on a visit to Rarotonga, August/September 1999 / Hugh A.
BRB
Available Online

Robertson, Hugh Alexander

2000
Since 1987, I have assisted the Cook Islands Conservation/Environment Service and, more recently, the Takitumu Conservation Area Project and the Avifauna Conservation Programme of the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) to plan and implement a recovery programme for the kakerori, a critically endangered forest bird endemic to Rarotonga. In 1989, the kakerori was one of the 10 rarest birds in the world, and classified as 'critically endangered' (Collar et al. 1994) with a population of just 29 birds. I calculated that there was a 50% chance of kakerori becoming extinct by 1998 unless nest predation by rats was significantly reduced. During each breeding season since 1989, rats have been poisoned in the 155 ha of forest occupied by kakerori (Robertson et al. 1998) and the effectiveness of this work has been measured by- recording breeding productivity (Saul et al. 1998), and by undertaking an annual census the following spring (Robertson 1998, 1999).
How the Macquarie Island parakeet became extinct / by R. H. Taylor
BRB

Taylor, R.H.

1979
Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific Islands Birds: biodiversity meets zooarchaeology / by David W. Steadman
BRB

Steadman, D.W.

1995
Extinction of an Island forest avifauna by an introduced snake / by Julie, A. Savidge
BRB

Savidge, J.A.

1987
Extinction of birds in Easter Polynesia: a review of the record, and comparisons with other Pacific Island Groups / by David W. Steadman
BRB

Steadman, D.W.

1989
The role of prehistoric man in the faunal extinctions of New Zealand and other Pacific Islands / by Richard Cassels
BRB

Cassels, R.

1984

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