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Environmental Trends in American Samoa
Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Craig, Peter

2000
As American Samoa enters the new millennium, we can get a sense of how healthy our environment is by taking a look at some of the parts that make up our island ecosystem. As you will see, the islands are finally recovering from hurricanes in 1990 and 1991, but other longer-term problems persist.
Discovery of an important aggregation area for endangered scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini, in the Rewa River estuary, Fiji Islands
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Brown, Kelly T.

,

Lal, Monal M.

,

Miller, Cara E.

,

Seeto, Johnson

2016
The scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, is endangered throughout its global distribution. Management and protection of this species is challenging in many locations because of limited scientific data and the vulnerable life-history traits of the species. Our study investigated anecdotal evidence that the Rewa River estuary in Fiji serves as an important nursery area for this shark. Research findings indicated that the average length of both males (60.6 ± 6.78 cm, n = 31) and females (60.4 ± 6.85 cm, n = 51) was well within published size limits of juvenile S. lewini studied in other locations (range = 38.0–89.5 cm). On the basis of published reference points for umbilical scar status we postulate that the first captured juveniles were born in January of the study year. Stomach content analysis found the following prey items: Decapoda (represented by prawns and shrimps), Stomatopoda, anguilliformes and osteichthyes. Decapods were the most numerous prey item by both count (59.17% of total prey items) and weight (60.25% of total weight). Our study provides strong support that the Rewa River estuary is an important aggregation area for S. lewini in Fiji.
Cetacean diversity, common occurrence and community importance in Fijian waters
Environmental Monitoring and Governance, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Batibasaga, Aisake

,

Chand, Prerna

,

Dulunaqio, Sirilo

,

Fox, Margaret

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Jupiter, Stacy

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Miller, Cara E.

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Naisilisili, Waisea

,

Nand, Yashika

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Sharma-Gounder, Saras

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Smith, Brian

2016
Fiji has demonstrated a strong commitment to cetacean conservation via national, regional and international plans and agreements. To provide baseline information in support of these efforts, this paper provides an updated listing of cetacean species found in Fijian waters and identifies locations where cetaceans have been noted on a consistent basis. Information for this review was sourced from peer-reviewed publications, field reports, historical whaling records, national consultations, anecdotal and opportunistic sources, as well as a national database held by the Fiji Government’s Department of Fisheries. Reliable and recent records were confirmed for 10 cetacean species in Fijian waters. In addition, less reliable records and regional species’ information provides support for the occurrence of at least 14 additional species or groups of similar-looking species that could not be identified more specifically. Thirteen hotspot areas within the Fiji Economic Exclusive Zone were preliminarily identified as being particularly important for cetaceans, including numerous sites within the Vatu-i-Ra and Lomaiviti passages and surrounding waters. Issues with the available data include uneven coverage, inherent biases within available sources, and difficulties with species identification and verification in some cases. Nevertheless, it is hoped that this review will provide a reference point from which to move forward with cetacean management and conservation efforts in Fiji.
Integrated Flood Management in Samoa - From Science to Policy (Presentation)
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Biukoto, Litea

,

Bonte-Grapentin, Michael

,

Kohlhase, Jude

,

Lumbroso, Darren

,

Nelson, Filomena

,

Pelesikoti, Netatua

,

Penaia, Amataga

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Titimaea, Ausetalia

,

Woodruff, Allison

River flooding, especially flash floods, are a serious and frequent problem in Samoa and in particular Apia where steep catchments with rapid flood onsets are subject to frequent heavy rainfall events. The April 2001 flood event inundated large parts of Apia urban area within a negligible time lag from the beginning of the intense rainfall. The surrounding watersheds responded to the flash floods with combined overbank/overland flow. Approximately 5,000 local residents were directly affected by the flood and resulting damages were estimated in excess of WST$ 11 million. Such events are not rare for Samoa.
Samoa Technical Report - Economic Analysis of Flood Risk Reduction Measure for the Lower Vaisigano Catchment Area
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

SOPAC

2008
Flooding imposes significant costs on households and businesses located in the lower Vaisigano catchment area. SOPAC, under the European Development Fund (EDF) project Reducing Vulnerability of Pacific ACP States, has worked with the Government of Samoa to develop the Samoa Flood Management and Action Plan, which identifies actions for government agencies, the private sector, NGOs and communities responsible for flood and floodplain management that can assist in reducing flood risks in Samoa, particularly in the lower Vaisigano catchment area located in Apia, which is subject to frequent flooding.
Freshwater ichthyofauna of the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA) Gateway in Viti Levu, Fiji
Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Boseto, David T.

,

Copeland, Lekima K. F.

,

Jenkins, Aaron P.

2016
The freshwater ichthyofauna of the Fiji islands remained poorly documented before the establishment of the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA) network. The PABITRA approach assesses biodiversity along ocean-to-mountain transects and promotes sustainable land use on islands across the Pacific. Multiple surveys of freshwater fish species along the Viti Levu PABITRA transect have contributed six new occurrence records and one new species to the known freshwater fishes of Fiji since 2002. In total, 21 indigenous species of fish (9% endemic) from 10 families and no introduced fishes were found in the three PABITRA sites. Diversity was highest (16 species) at Savura forest reserve and decreased further inland into Sovi and Wabu. The assemblage found is dominated by highly migratory species (95%) that traverse the different aquatic habitats (marine, estuarine, lowland and upland streams) covered by the PABITRA transect. This high degree of connectivity highlights several growing issues affecting aquatic fauna on the high island of Viti Levu. The reduction in forest cover along the gateway transects, especially in the terminal reaches, and infrastructure development such as dams and weirs have deleterious effects on the migration routes of the Fijian ichthyofauna. Several species collected are important food sources and have cultural totemic importance to local inhabitants along the vertical transect. This paper documents the ichthyofauna of the Fiji gateway transect, ecological characteristics of this assemblage, IUCN Redlist conservation assessment status and highlights factors affecting the fragility and resilience of these communities, particularly focusing on the importance of life-history patterns and watershed conditions.
Hydrological information systems for integrated water resources management : WHYCOS Guidelines
Island and Ocean Ecosystems

World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS)

,

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

2005
Water is one of the most highly valued natural resources. It exerts an enormous influence on a nation's economy, and almost every aspect of development is closely linked to the proper utilization of water. It is the key element for both environmental conservation and economic development and as such should be managed through an integrated approach to land use, water supply and waste management. With due attention to all the parallel uses of water in nature and society, as well as the evident linkages between upstream land, water use and downstream opportunities, the most evident unit of such integration should be the catchment or river basin.
Coastal Change in the Pacific Islands, Volume One: A Guide to Support Community Understanding of Coastal Erosion and Flooding Issues.
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Atkinson, S. (ed.)

,

Gombos, M. (ed.)

,

Gorong, B. (ed.)

,

Marra, J. (ed.)

,

Ramsay, D. (ed.)

,

Webb, A. (ed.)

2014
This guide responds to the emerging needs of many communities in the Pacific Islands whose members are expressing concerns about storm damage, sea-level rise, and the frequency and severity of coastal flooding events and shoreline erosion. For the purpose of the guide, the term "coastal zone" refers to the entire area from the upland forest out to the reef edge. On small low-lying islands and atolls, the entire island would be considered the coastal zone.
Partnerships in Protected Areas : Biological diversity, The European Union, and the lome countries of Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific
Island and Ocean Ecosystems

IUCN

1994
Protected areas are areas of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection of biological diversity, natural and cultural resources, which are managed by government or nongovernmental agencies. Protected areas include, but are not limited to: National Parks, National Reserves, Game Reserves, Forest Reserves, Forest Parks, Marine Reserves, Marine Sanctuaries, and Nature Reserves.
Principles for the Development and Management of Protected Areas
Island and Ocean Ecosystems

IUCN

1994
Protected areas are areas of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection of biological diversity, natural and cultural resources, which are managed by government or nongovernmental agencies. Protected areas include, but are not limited to: National Parks, National Reserves, Game Reserves, Forest Reserves, Forest Parks, Marine Reserves, Marine Sanctuaries, and Nature Reserves.

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