Predicting the impacts of mining deep sea poly-metallic nodules in the Pacific Ocean: A review of Scientific Leterature

Abstract

Deep sea mining (DSM) in the Pacific is of growing interest to frontier investors, mining companies and some island economies. To date no commercial operations have been established but much seabed mineral exploration is occurring. The focus is on poly-metallic nodules in the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the north-eastern equatorial Pacific, and in the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of several nations.