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On Prevention and Control of an Uncertain Biological Invasion

Available Online

Olson, Lars J.

Roy, Santanu

This paper examines how optimal prevention and control policies depend on the economic and biological characteristics of a randomly introduced biological invasion where the objective is to minimise the expected social costs from prevention, control, and invasion damages. The results characterise how optimal prevention and control policies vary with the initial invasion size, the invasion growth rate, and the probability distribution of introductions. The paper also examines the conditions under which the optimal policy relies solely on either prevention or control, the conditions under which it is optimal to completely prevent new introductions, and the conditions under which eradication of established invasions is optimal.

Protection Des Îles Contre les Espéces Envahissantes : Législation & réseau de veille

Available Online

Groupement Espéces Envahissantes - Direction de l'Environment

La problématique des espéces envahissantes est un théme central pour les îles du Pacifique. En Polynésia française, 46 espéces animales et végétables sont classées, par le code de l'environment, comme étant des menaces pour la biodiversité.

Emergency Response Plan on Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle - Pohnpei

Available Online

Pohnpei and their outer islands are very vulnerable to the introduction of Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle (CRB) because the CRB is present in Guam, Palau, Hawaii and South Pacific. Pohnpei is located near Guam, Palau and Hawaii and there is regular traffic by air and sea. For this reason it is very important that Pohnpei has a good Emergency Response Plan (ERP) in place not only for control/eradication but also for prevention and spread to other islands. A good ERP should allow for an immediate response for the control and eradication of CRB.

A Toolkit for the Economic Analysis of Invasive Species

Available Online

Emerton, Lucy

Howard, Geoffrey

Although it is now widely acknowledged that economic analysis and the use of economic instruments are key to dealing with the problems associated with biological invasions, there remains little guidance as to how economic approaches and tools should be applied in practice. Invasive species have many unique and unusual characteristics which set them apart from other environmental and land use issues, meaning that analysis does not lend itself easily to conventional economic models. A more innovative and thoughtful approach is thus required, which is tailored to the specific issues, problems and features of invasives. Economic analysis needs also to be targeted to providing practical and policy-relevant techniques and information which can be used to support and inform real-world policy, planning and management.

Feasibility Plan to Eradicate Common Mynas (Acridotheres tristis) from Mangaia Island, Cook Islands

Available Online

Parkes, John

Common mynas have been introduced (often as biocontrol for insects) or colonised many islands in the Pacific. They are one cause of decline in some native bird species such as endemic kingfishers, and are a pest when they damage fruit and compete for food to put out for domestic animals. The Taporoporoanga Ipukarea Society (TIS) of the Cook Islands proposes to eradicate mynas from Mangaia Island to protect kingfishers and commissioned this study to determine whether this is feasible and what would need to be done to reduce the risks of failure or overcome constraints during such an attempt. The Pacific Invasives Initiative supported this study partly because of the potential biodiversity and societal benefits to Mangaia, but partly to act as a demonstration for the management of mynas on other islands.

Marine Debris Pollution in the Pacific : Literature review

Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems, Waste Management and Pollution Control, BRB

Available Online

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)

Rapidly expanding human populations and associated economic growth and overconsumption is resulting in serious degradation of the natural environment human survival depends on (Vitousek et al., 1997; Sanderson et al., 2002; Orr, 2004; Alroy, 2010; Branch et al., 2013). Almost half of the global human population currently lives within 150km of the coast (UN Atlas of the Oceans, 2014). This results in severe pressures being placed on marine and coastal environments. Anthropogenic impacts on oceans include physical alterations of the coasts and seafloor, as well as chemical and biological contamination through sewage, industrial wastes and agricultural discharges, dredging, desalination, shipping, and fossil fuel and ore extraction. These pressures, together with overfishing, by-catch, destructive fishing methods (e.g. blast fishing), introduction of invasive species, boat strikes, acoustic pollution, climate-related changes (i.e. ocean acidification, sea level rise, freshwater inundations, cyclones) can cause structural changes in marine communities and the loss of genetic variability and other side-effects of human interference with exceptionally complex ocean ecosystems (Gray et al., 1979; Goldberg, 1995; Vitousek et al. 1997; Islam and Tanaka, 2004; Pauly et al., 2005; Panigada et al., 2006; Crain et al., 2008; Halpern et al., 2008; Ramirez-Llodra et al., 2011)

19th Annual Pacific Islands Roundtable for Nature Conservation - What is GBIF? (Powerpoint presentation)

Available Online

Copas, Kyle

Powerpoint on GBIF and the 19th Annual Pacific Islands Roundtable for Nature Conservation, by Kyle Cobas

Special Issue Article: Tropical rat eradicationNon-target species mortality and the measurement of brodifacoum rodenticide residues after a rat (Rattus rattus) eradication on Palmyra Atoll, tropical Pacific. Biological Conservation. Volume 185, May 2015

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

Berentsen. A.R

Eisemann. J.D

Howaldd. G .R.

Pitt. W.C

Shiels. A.B

Volker. S.F

Wegmann. A.S

The use of rodenticides to control or eradicate invasive rats (Rattus spp.) for conservation purposes has rapidly grown in the past decades, especially on islands. The non-target consequences and the fate of toxicant residue from such rodent eradication operations have not been well explored. In a cooperative effort, we monitored the application of a rodenticide, Brodifacoum 25W: Conservation, during an attempt to eradicate Rattus rattus from Palmyra Atoll. In 2011, Brodifacoum 25W: Conservation was aerially broadcasted twice over the entire atoll (2.5 km2) at rates of 80 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha and a supplemental hand broadcast application (71.6 kg/ha) occurred three weeks after the second aerial application over a 10 ha area. We documented brodifacoum residues in soil, water, and biota, and documented mortality of non-target organisms. Some bait (1419% of the target application rate) entered the marine environment to distances 7 m from the shore. After the application commenced, carcasses of 84 animals representing 15 species of birds, fish, reptiles and invertebrates were collected opportunistically as potential non-target mortalities. In addition, fish, reptiles, and invertebrates were systematically collected for residue analysis. Brodifacoum residues were detected in most (84.3%) of the animal samples analyzed. Although detection of residues in samples was anticipated, the extent and concentrations in many parts of the food web were greater than expected. Risk assessments should carefully consider application rates and entire food webs prior to operations using rodenticides.

Special Issue Article: Tropical rat eradication. Trophic roles of black rats and seabird impacts on tropical islands: Mesopredator release or hyperpredation? Biological Conservation. Volume 185, May 2015

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

Le Corre. M.

Ringler. D

Russell. J.C

Rats contribute to the decline of tropical seabird populations by affecting their breeding success through direct predation of eggs and chicks. When they coexist with other predators, invasive rats may also generate indirect interactions via the changes they impose on the structure of communities and trophic interactions following invasion (hyperpredation process), or when apex predators are eradicated from the ecosystem (mesopredator release effect). Understanding these effects is necessary to implement restoration operations that actually benefit threatened seabird populations. We investigated these processes on two French tropical seabird islands of the western Indian Ocean, Europa and Juan de Nova, where black rats coexist with two different apex predator species (introduced cats and potentially native barn owls). The parallel use of several methods (diet analysis, stable isotopes, seabird monitoring) to identify trophic roles of rats revealed that the direct impact of rats on seabirds was particularly high on Europa where only rats and owls occur, with high consumption of chicks resulting in low breeding success for several seabird species. We also suggested that hyperpredation associated with top-down regulation of cats is occurring on Juan de Nova, although territoriality of cats may buffer this process. Conversely we found evidence that mesopredator release effect is unlikely, irrespective of the apex predator identity. Considering the most likely effects on both islands we provided recommendations on eradication priorities to mitigate the risk of local extinction that seabirds are currently facing.

Invasion - Little Fire Ants in Hawaii (video)

Available Online

Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC)

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