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Samoan Environment Forum: proceedings of the 2003 National Environment Forum|Fe'ese'esea'iga i aiga ma nuu o Samoa : aafiaga o le tofa i Tuana'i ma Saanapu / Tu'u'u Ieti Taulealo|Some prospects for managing Merremia peltata / William Stuart Kirkham|The Green turtle tour project : a successful approach to aiding natural resources management in Samoa / Funealii Lumaava Sooa'emalelagi & Steve Brown|Persistent Organic Pollutants and persistent toxic substances in Samoa's Environment / Taule'ale'ausumai Laavasa Malua, Bill Cable & Paul F. Heveldt|Bridging the gap: building environment information linkages & network - a Pacific Samoan model / Satui Bentin & Leilani Duffy|The MNRE model for institutional strengthening in the public sector / Tu'u'u Ieti Taule'alo & Moilevao Elisaia Talouli|SPREP in Samoa / F. Vitolio Lui|Samoa: a paradise lost? / Le Mamea Sefulu Ioane|Taking of customary land for the new Salelologa township / Patea M. Setefano, Vaitogi I Vaitogi, Faanimo Warren & Fiona Sapatu|A study of indigenous knowledge and its role to sustainable agriculture in Samoa / Pitakia Tikai & Aaron Kama|PABITRA (Samoa): promoting capacity building via biodiversity studies by young Samoans / Nat Tuivavalagi

Available Online

MNRE

Merremia peltata, disturbance ecology, tropical cyclones and Samoa. The biology and ecology of Merremia peltata are not well understood. While some regard the species as an exotic invader of Pacific Island ecosystems (Meyer. 2000). others identify the plant as a native species likely to be harmful to native ecosystems (Whistler, 1995a. 2002) or as either native or ancient Polynesian introduction behaving invasively (Space and Flynn.(2002). In Samoa, this species occurs up to an elevation of around 300 meters (Whistler 1995a). and thus only affects lowland ecosystems. This species increases its distribution and abundance in two ways, either vegetatively. by sprawling into neighboring areas and rooting from its nodes or by seeds, although early research in the Solomons observed a low seed viability rate, and creeping may thus be its primary means of reproduction (Bacon. 1982). M. peltata has apparently been in the Pacific for hundreds of years (Whistler, pers. com.) but has only become invasive in the years following tropical cyclones Ofa (1990) and Val (1991) according to comments from local government officials. Disturbance thus appears to be an ecological contributing factor to this invasion.

Potential Environmental Weeds in Australia

Csurches, S

Report to the kingdom of Tonga on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern

Space, James C

Hawaii and the Pacific Islands

Clarke., BJ. Murray

Border control for potential aquatic weeds, stage 1 : weed risk model / P.D. Champion and J.S. Clayton

Available Online

Champion, P.D.

Clayton, J.S.

This report is the first stage in a three-stage development of a Border Control Programme for aquatic plants that have the potential to become ecological weeds in New Zealand. A large number of freshwater aquatic plants have already been introduced and are naturalised in New Zealand, impacting on most waterbodies within this country. There are many additional potential weed species reported as present in New Zealand, but not naturalised, and an even greater number not recorded as introduced here. Some of these species could pose an even greater threat to our aquatic environment than those weeds currently naturalised. A range of tables is presented to illustrate the array of new aquatic species that are already believed to be in New Zealand or that could enter and become established. Possible entry pathways identified in this report include natural spread from wind- and bird-dispersed seed, introduction of ornamental, culinary and medicinal herbs, contaminants in other plants and produce, mislabelled plants, and various types of illegal imports. Existing weed risk assessment models fail to adequately separate aquatic plants with different levels of impact. A new model is presented, tailored to the impacts of aquatic species. Tables are presented to demonstrate the improved system of ranking risks for aquatic plant species. A combination of assessments for weediness and the risk of entry into New Zealand will determine the potential threat of each species, allowing a comparison with existing weed species and other species not yet naturalised or introduced here. The greatest risk is perceived to be posed by some species reported to be present, but not yet naturalised in New Zealand, followed by species not reported here, but traded overseas with the potential to be brought here illegally.

Proposed national system for early detection, reporting, assessment and eradication of new invasive plants in the United States: a concept paper / Randy G. Westbrooks

Westbrooks, R.G.

Report to the Government of Samoa on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern

Available Online

Flynn Tim

Spaces, James C

The objectives of the survey were to: (1) identify plant species presently causing problems to natural and semi-natural ecosystems; (2) identify species that, even though they are not presently a major problem, could spread more widely or are known to be problem species elsewhere; (3) confirm the absence of species that are a problem elsewhere and, if introduced to Samoa, could be a threat there; and (4) make appropriate recommendations.

Observation on invasive plant species in American Samoa / by James C. Space and Tim Flynn

Available Online

Space, J.C. and Flynn, T.

This is a continuation of the survey of islands in Micronesia and American Samoa for invasive plant species requested by the Pacific Islands Committee, Council of Western State Foresters. A survey of selected Micronesian islands was conducted in 1998 and was discussed in a previous report2. This report is based on perceptions gained from a trip to American Samoa from 16 to 23 July 1999, including the islands of Tutuila, Ofu, Olosega and Ta'u. The objectives were three-fold: (1) To identify plant species on the islands that are presently causing problems to natural and semi-natural ecosystems; (2) to identify species that, even though they are not presently a major problem, could spread more widely or spread to other islands where they are not present, potentially causing problems; and (3) to confirm the absence of species that are a problem elsewhere and, if introduced to American Samoa, could be a threat there.

Invasive Species Compendium - Eichhornia crassipes, water hyacinth

Available Online

CABI website datasheet for water hyacinth

Effects of Hurrican Andrew on Coastal and Interior Forests of Southern Florida: Overview and Synthesis

Available Online

Amentano, Thomas V.

Doren, Robert F.

Mullins, Troy.

Platt, William J.

ARMENTANO. T.V.; DOREN, R.F.; PLATT, W.J., and MULLINS, T., 1995. Effects of Hurricane Andrew on coastal and interior forests of southern Florida: Overview and synthesis. Journal of Coastal Research, SI No. 21, pp. 111-144. Fort Lauderdale (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The effects of Hurrican Andrew upn the forests of south Florida as of early 1994 are summarized from studies conducted at sites located within the track of the storm as it passed across the peninsula. Updated information on the storm's track and eyewall configuration also is provided. Effects on slash pine savannas, hardwood hammocks, cypress domes and mangroves varied markedly but with some trends apparent. Severe damage and mortality of trees was greatest in mangrove forests where 59 to 85% of trees were killed, but vigorous seedling recruitment of red mangrove and sprouting of surviving black and white mangroves is now well underway. Severe effects in cypress domes was quite low, with only 4% mortality. In slash pine stands, over 80% of the trees were damaged, and mortality pattern was related to prior condition of the stands. Mortality in large, vigorous stands ranged from 17 to 24% but approached 100% in small remnant Miami rockridge pinelands located in developed eastern coastal areas. Tropical hardwood hammocks suffered extensive damage but only averaged 11.5% mortality and regrowth has been vigorous but not necessarily of the same species characterizing the pre-storm community. Overall mortality and damage increased with tree size except in hammocks where small trees were damaged or killed by limbs and crowns of larger trees. The extensive stands of exotic tree species were damaged but recovered quickly and vigorously. The potential of the expansion into hurricane-damaged habitats is one of several long-term concerns under investigation.

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