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  • Collection Island and Ocean Ecosystems
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Checklist of the shore and Epipegagic Fishes of Tonga
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Randall, John E. et al.

2003
A checklist is given below of 1162 species of shore and epipelagic fishes belonging to 111 families that occur in the islands of Tonga, South Pacific Ocean; 40 of these are epipelagic species. As might be expected, the fish fauna of Tonga is most similar to those of Samoa and Fiji; at least 658 species of the fishes found in Tonga are also known from Fiji and the islands of Samoa. Twelve species of shore fishes are presently known only from Tonga. Specimens of Tongan fishes are housed mainly in the fish collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.; Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; and the Australian Museum, Sydney. Native Tongan names of fishes, when known, are presented after species names.
The vascular plants of Majuro atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Vander Velde, Nancy

2003
Majuro Atoll has been a center of activity for the Marshall Islands since 1944 and is now the major population center and port of entry for the country. Previous to the accompanying study, no thorough documentation has been made of the vascular plants of Majuro Atoll. There were only reports that were either part of much larger discussions on the entire Micronesian region or the Marshall Islands as a whole, and were of a very limited scope. Previous reports by Fosberg, Sachet & Oliver (1979,1982,1987) presented only 115 vascular plants on Majuro Atoll. In this study, 563 vascular plants have been recorded on Majuro.
Benthic ecology and biota of Tarawa, Atoll lagoon: influence of Equatorial upwelling, circulation, and human harvest
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Paulay Gustav

2000
The lagoon of Tarawa harbors the richest benthos documented for any Pacific atoll. The biota is strongly influenced by its setting in the equatorial upwelling zone and the unusual geomorphology of the atoll, with a submerged western rim, but largely closed and islet-strewn eastern and southern sides. As the metropolitan center of the Republic of Kiribati, Tarawa also has the largest human population of any Pacific atoll. These three attributes impose a strong influence on all aspects of the lagoon. The high regional productivity supports unusually high population densities of heterotrophic mollusks and irregular echinoids for an "open" atoll. The dense human population on the atoll relics largely on marine resources for its protein needs. The lagoonal sand flat harbors dense and diverse mollusk communities, particularly in seagrass beds. These communities support an intensive subsistence fishery with an annual harvest of ca. 1,000 tons in South Tarawa. Much of the available biomass of the two preferred species, the blood cockle Anadara uropigimelana (te bun) and the small conch Strombus luhuanus (te nouo), is taken. Both the seagrass and shellfish beds appear to have expanded considerably in the past 50 years, likely as a result of nutrient enrichment from the rapidly growing human population. Dense mollusk communities along the southeastern lagoon slope at 2-8 m depth support an intensive commercial fishery that harvests approximately 1,000 tons of Anadara per year, again representing much of the available production. Three species of irregular echinoids are conspicuously abundant on the floor of the eastern lagoon, with combined densities > 100 m-2 in the muddy facies of the inner lagoon. All aspects of the benthos follow a marked west-to-east and north-to-south zonation, reflecting the one-sided exchange of oceanic waters along the western atoll rim. While mollusk and echinoid biomass increases southeastward, coral diversity and cover decreases in that direction.
I-Kiribati knowledge and management of Tarawa's lagoon resources
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Johannes, R.E.

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Yeeting, Being

2000
Knowledge of the fishermen of Tarawa Atoll, Kiribati concerning some key food fish in their waters is described and shown to be highly relevant to the management of these fish. The bonefish, Albula glossodonta, has been the most important shallow- water finfish in Tarawa catches. However, all but one of its known spawning runs has been eliminated according to fishermen and this last remaining run is showing signs of severe depletion. Traditional marine resources management measures, some conservation-driven and others with different objectives, were diverse. But they have largely disappeared due, in part at least, to the impacts of British colonial rule. Reestablishing some form of local marine tenure seems essential to sound marine resource management, although the difficulties that would be encountered in doing so are not trivial.
Fishes of the Gilbert Island
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Randall, John E.

1955
The Gilbert Islands are a part of the- Gilbert and Ellice Islands Crown Colony of Great Britain, They lie in the Pacific Ocean directly southeast of the Marshall Islands and straddle the equator from 3 degrees North Latitude to 3 degrees South Latitude. All are low islands and most are atolls. They are densely inhabited by Micronesian people who are greatly dependent on the sea for food.
Ornithology of the Marshall and Gilbert Islands
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Amerson, Binion A.

1969
The avifauna of the Marshall and Gilbert Islands and the sur- rounding ocean consists of 79 species, of which 37 are seabirds and 42 are land and fresh-water birds. Of these 79 species, 20 are recorded here for the first time. One species, a procellarid, is recorded here as a new breeding record for the area. In addition, many species are new records for the 50 atolls and islands located within the area. Collected bird specimens from the Marshall-Gilbert area now total 1,133 (44 species), of which 585 (43 species) were collected by the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program. The average number of bird species per island is 13 in the Marshall-Gilbert area. A higher number of species exists in the extreme northern Marshalls than elsewhere in the area; the number decreases southward to the southern Marshalls; an increase occurs in the extreme southern Marshalls and further increases in the Gilberts. This north-south variation may be traced to a number of environmental factors.
Almost-atoll of Aitutaki: reef studies in the Cook Islands, South Pacific
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Gibbs, P.E.

,

Stoddart D.R.

1975
Rarotonga and Aitutaki form the summits of separate volcanic masses rising from depths of 4000 m, at which depth the cones are 45-55 km in diameter (Summerhayes and Kibblewh 1966, 1967).The lower slopes of the cones average 15-25 increasing to 30 in the upper 750 m and becoming very steep the surface reef is approached. The Mauke-Aitutaki line of islands is thought to be of early Tertiary age: the surface volcanics are much eroded, with a subdued topography, or are capped with limestones (Wood, 1967; Wood and Hay, 1970). On Rarotonga, where the relief is much stronger (maximum altitude 640 m), radiometric ages of 2.3-2.8 million years date the 1 as Pliocene (Tarling, 1967). Mangaia, with a cap of Oligoce Miocene limestones, must be much older (Marshall, 1927). Evi dence from the deep-sea drilling programme indicates that th ocean floor in the area of the southern Cooks is Paleogene (22.5-65 million years) in age (Winterer, 1973), thus provid a maximum age for the islands. It is probable that the gross history of the Cooks resembles that of other, better-known reef-capped Pacific volcanic cones known to have been initia in the early Tertiary.
The natural history of Caroline atoll, Southern Line islands
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Kepler, Angela K.

,

Kepler, Cameron B.

1994
Caroline Atoll (Frontispiece) is situated at 10°00'S latitude and 150°13'W longitude in the south-central Pacific Ocean. Caroline is the southeasternmost of the Southern Line Islands, a group of 3 islands which also includes Vostok and Flint, lying 230 km to its west and southwest, respectively. Although archaeologically and geographically within Polynesia, Caroline is owned by the Republic of Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands).
Phoenix islands report .1 : An environmental survey of Canton Atoll Lagoon, 1973
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Henderson, R.S.

,

Smith, S.V,

1978
Canton Atoll has a single passage between the ocean and lagoon and lias conspicuous environmental gradients from that passage to the back lagoon. These gradients include the physiography of the lagoon floor, water quality, and the diversity and abundance of corals, fishes, and mollusks. The gradients can apparently be attributed either directly or indirectly to circulation and water motion within the lagoon. Those oceanographic characteristics can, in turn, be attributed to the geological history of the atoll, including some human modification of the pass configuration.
Reef restoration concepts and guidelines: making sensible management choices in the face of uncertainity
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Edwards,l A.J.

,

Gornez, E.D.

2007
The purpose of this section is to provide a management context to reef restoration. We assume some familiarity with what coral reefs are. A key point we make is that reef restoration should be treated as just one option within an integrated coastal management (ICM) planning agenda for a stretch of coast. Too often, enthusiastic proponents of active restoration omit to consider the wider context and factors outside their control which may jeopardise their efforts.

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