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Collection Island and Ocean Ecosystems
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SPREP highlights of the Poznan Climate Conference

Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)

Environmental impact assessment: training resource manual

Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

McCabe Mary

Sadler Barry

The United Nations Environments Program (UNEP) is the overall coordinating environmental organization of the United Nations system. Its mission is to provide leadership and encourage partnerships in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nations and people to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.

Status of coral reefs in Polynesia Mana node countries: Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Niue, Kiribati, Tonga, Tokelau and Wallis and Futuna

Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Salvat Bernard

Vieux Caroline

Status of coral reefs in the Polynesia Mana node is predominantly healthy. There are 6733 km2 of reefs scattered over 347 islands. Most (90%) are healthy, 5% have been destroyed or are at a critical stage and 5% are under threat;Reefs have been degraded around populated areas of Rarotonga (Cook Islands), Tahiti and Moorea (French Polynesia) and South Tarawa (Kiribati);Coral reefs support the livelihoods of Polynesian populations through subsistence fishing in all countries and through tourism and black pearl industries in French Polynesia and the Cook Islands; The main threats to the reefs are global warming for the remote reefs and land- based pollution for reefs near urban areas. Dynamite fishing still occurs in Wallis and Futuna;Reefs are mostly healthy in Wallis and Futuna, Tuamotu-Gambier and the Marquesas Archipelagos of French Polynesia; Reefs have largely recovered from past bleaching events in Phoenix Islands and Tarawa in Kiribati, and reefs are recovering from crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) outbreaks in Rarotonga (Cook Islands) and from a cyclone in Niue; Reefs are facing a major COTS outbreak in the Society Archipelago of French Polynesia; and Socioeconomic assessments are now being implemented in the region, in parallel with ecological monitoring, to support coral reef management.

Strengthening disaster management and mitigation (component 2: preventive infrastructure master plan) : final report. Volume 1: Master plan

Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Asian Development Bank

Recent studies have shown that the Cook Islands' social infrastructure has limited preparedness against weather-related vulnerability. The inherent geographical vulnerability of the country to climate change can be ameliorated by initiating integrated infrastructure and social development, including human resources development.

Status of the Coral reefs in Australia and Papua New Guinea

Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Chin,Andrew

Forbes,Susan,Etc

Sweatman,Hugh

The corals reefs of Australia and Papua New Guinea cover 19% of the world's total reef area and contain levels of biological diversity approaching the 'hot spots' of the Philippines and Indonesia; Human pressures on these reefs are lower than in other parts of the world (particularly SE Asia). The reefs of eastern Australia, particularly the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), have a long history of research and monitoring and world leading management; Most coral reef management is implemented through Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) while fisheries resources are managed through specific fisheries management arrangements. Australian reefs are usually managed through cooperative arrangements between state and national governments, while management arrangements in PNG are predominantly driven by efforts of NGOs, local communities and local governments.

Status of the coral reefs in the South west Pacific: Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu

Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Mackay Kenneth

Morris Cherie

Fiji, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Samoa and Tuvalu report monitoring data for this report, with data from a broad range of observers (scientists, students, dive guides and communities); Nauru has not conducted recent monitoring; Coral cover has changed since the 2004 report due to effective management (positive), or local disturbances, coral predation and natural disasters (negative). Average coral cover at monitoring sites was 45% in Fiji; 27% in New Caledonia; 43% in Samoa; 30% in Solomon Islands; 65% in Tuvalu; and 26% in Vanuatu; Monitoring observations over 9-10 years in Fiji and New Caledonia indicate that these reefs have coped reasonably well with natural and human stressors without catastrophic changes; Densities of edible fish and invertebrates remained generally low (0-10/100m2) in 4 countries reflecting high subsistence and commercial fishing pressure. Butterflyfish, parrotfish, surgeonfish and damselfish were generally most dominant. High densities of parrotfish were reported from 4 countries; Socioeconomic monitoring is conducted in Fiji, Samoa and Solomon Islands. Greatest activity is by the Fiji Locally Marine Managed Area (FLMMA) network at 270 villages across all Fiji provinces. Most households harvest marine resources for subsistence and partially for sale, with few commercial fishers. In Samoa, more people eat canned fish than fresh fish, possibly because of decreased fish stocks in the last 10 years. In the Solomon Islands, some traditional managed systems have collapsed due to poor understanding of fisheries and resource management issues or poor national regulations. Mangrove destruction and greater fishing pressure are reducing family incomes;

Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and their habitats in the Pacific Islands region

Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)

Concluded under the auspices of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) in partnership with The Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) opened for signature at the 17th SPREP meeting, Noumea 15th September 2006

National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA): thematic assessment report : Samoa

Environmental Monitoring and Governance, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology

UNFCCC Task Team

Samoa, like other Least Developed Countries (LDCs) inherits high vulnerability to natural disasters and to external economic and trade developments for which it has no control. These natural disasters include tropical cyclones, prolonged periods of drought, extreme flooding, pests and sudden outbreak of diseases, storm surges and sea level rise.

National Invasive alien species implementation action plan, July 2004 - June 2007: addressing "Theme 6 - Biosecurity" of the National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

MNRE/Government of Samoa

In 2001, the Government of Samoa released the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) for the conservation and sustainable development of the country's biological resources. The NBSAP identifies invasive alien species (IAS) as being one of the greatest threats to Samoa's biodiversity. The National Invasive Alien Species Implementation Action Plan (NIASIAP) addresses this threat, building on the actions identified in 'Theme 6 - Biosecurity' of the NBSAP, as well as elements of Themes 1, 2, 3 and 7, and pursuing the following objective: To protect Samoa's native biodiversity from the impacts of invasive alien species, through effective border control and quarantine, and the development and implementation of effective eradication and management programs.

National greenhouse gas inventory consultancy: preparation of methodologies for industrial process and product use & agriculture, forestry and other land use sectors

Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology

National University of Samoa Consulting Ltd

As part of the Second National Communication Project, Samoa is currently preparing its second inventory of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. This inventory will be prepared in line with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and will estimate emissions from the four sectors of: 1) Energy. 2) Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU). 3) Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. and 4) Waste. It is anticipated that the inventory will cover annual GHG emissions for the years 2000 - 2005 inclusive, depending on the availability of data.

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