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Collection Island and Ocean Ecosystems
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Regional plan of action: Coral triangle initiative on coral reefs, fisheries and food security (CTI-CFF)

Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Interim Regionall CTI Secretariat

The The Coral Triangle (CT) region is located along the equator at the confluence of the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans (see Annex 1). Using coral and reef fish diversity as the two major criteria, the boundaries of this region are defined by scientists as covering all or part of the exclusive economic zones of six countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste. Covering only 1.6% of the planets oceanic area, there is broad scientific consensus that the CT represents the global epicenter of marine life abundance and diversity -- with 76% of all known coral species, 37% of all known coral reef fish species, 53% of the worlds coral reefs, the greatest extent of mangrove forests in the world, and spawning and juvenile growth areas for the worlds largest tuna fishery. Moreover, the biogeographical conditions within the CT may also enable the region to maintain its exceptional productivity in the face of future impacts of climate change, making it potentially the worlds most important refuge for marine life.

Climate in Peril: a popular guide to the latest IPCC reports

Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

UNEP

Warming of the climate system is beyond argument, as shown by observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea levels.

Declaration by the Pacific Islands Forum States and the European Union on climate change

Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

PIFS

The Pacific Islands Forum Member States and the European Union have agreed to this Declaration on Climate Change on as a commitment between the two regions to address the challenges posed by climate change, including their priorities for mitigation and adaptation.

Preliminary assessment of the effects of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture in the Pacific

Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Bell, Johann ... [et al.]

This brief report outlines how the climate of the Pacific is projected to change, how climate change has affected fisheries elsewhere in the world, and how it is expected to affect fisheries and aquaculture in the Pacific. The emphasis is on the implications for economies of Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs). It concludes with general recommendations that should help the regional and national management agencies and other stakeholders in fisheries to adapt to maintain the benefits of fisheries. The assessments of the projected effects of climate change, and the recommended approaches for adaptation, are preliminary. They are derived from the early phases of a major regional project to assess the vulnerability of fisheries and aquaculture in the Pacific to climate change coordinated by SPC and supported by AusAID1. The project is due to be completed by mid 2010 and will deliver a much more comprehensive assessment of likely impacts, practical adaptations, and investments needed to address key gaps in knowledge.

Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the South Pacific: meeting nature conservation and sustainable livelihood targets through wide-spread implementation of LMMAs : study report

Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Govan, Hugh

The South Pacific1 has experienced a remarkable proliferation of Marine Managed Areas (MMAs) in the last decade. These protected areas, implemented by over 500 communities spanning 15 independent countries and territories represent a unique global achievement. The approaches being developed at national levels are built on a unique feature of the region, customary tenure and resource access, and make use of, in most cases, existing community strengths in traditional knowledge and governance, combined with a local awareness of the need for action, resulting in what have been most aptly termed Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs). The main driver in most cases, is a community desire to maintain or improve livelihoods, often related to perceived threats to food security or local economic revenue. In the South Pacific, conservation and sustainable use are often seen as inseparable as part of the surviving concepts of traditional environmental stewardship. The extent of this shift towards Community Based Resource Management in Melanesia and Polynesia is unprecedented on a global scale and is the subject of this report.

A review of ecosystem approach to fisheries within The Nature Conservancy's Community Engagement Process in Melanesia

Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Foale, Simon

In many ways The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is already successfully implementing a great many of the imperatives of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in their work in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. The following TNC platforms are much in line with the EAF: 1) The Marine Managed Areas / Marine Protected Areas (MMA/MPA) approach, backed up by local level legislative support, 2) collaboration with a range of other relevant institutions, particularly in relation to the mitigation of sedimentation from terrestrial developments, 3) consistent and sustained outreach, and 4) involvement of local people in monitoring and enforcement. TNCs marine resource management work is clearly one of the most culturally, politically and ecologically enlightened programs in the region. This can be attributed in large part to the presence of high calibre teams at all of the project sites I visited, which include a large number of highly experienced, motivated and effective staff, many of whom TNC has recruited from the governments, primarily the fisheries departments, of both countries. The group also benefits from a strong support team in Brisbane, with a similarly impressive collective experience, and a broad range of regionally relevant expertise.

The coral triangle and climate change: ecosystems, people and societies at risk: a comprehensive study involving over 20 experts and based on 300 peer-reviewed scientific articles

Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Hoegh-Guldberg ... [et al.]

This study brought together the experience, viewpoints and analysis of over 20 experts from the climate, biological, economic, policy and social sciences. The major focus of the study was to examine how the future might unfold for one of the most ecologically rich yet most populated regions of the planet. In doing so, this report has developed a series of policy recommendations which must be taken on board if we are to avoid a major environmental and human catastrophe. If we dont do this, hundreds of thousands of unique species, entire communities and societies will be in jeopardy.

Pacific Ocean Synthesis: scientific literature review of coastal and ocean threats, impacts and solutions

Climate Change Resilience, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Caldwell, Margaret ... [et al.]

The objective of this Pacific Ocean synthesis is to comprehensively and systematically survey the published scientific literature, government publications and other peer-reviewed reports to identify Pacific Ocean and regional threats as well as the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of those threats. In addition, the report highlights select regional and Pacific Ocean solutions presented by the literature. This report summarizes and distills the scientific literature and highlights common trends in and around the Pacific Ocean regarding threats, impacts and solutions through the review of more than 3400 scientific articles and reports. It also reveals gaps in knowledge and areas where more natural and social science research is needed that could inform coastal and ocean policy and management. For this analysis, the Pacific Ocean was organized into seven regions representing 50 countries or territories. Results from this synthesis were vetted and verified by over 30 natural, physical, and social scientists from around the Pacific who convened in Honolulu, Hawaii in August 2008 (Appendix A). The meeting, which used the synthesis as the foundation for discussion, resulted in the creation of the document, Ecosystems and People of the Pacific OceanThreats and Opportunities for Action: A Consensus Statement. This statement, which has been signed by more than 375 scientists, identifies and prioritizes key threats to the health and productivity of the Pacific Ocean, many accelerated by global climate change, for which broad consensus exists in the scientific community. It also highlights the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of these threats and outlines a road map that identifies available solutions for these threats.

North Pacific blue shark stock assessment

Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Kleiber, Pierre ... [et al.]

A stock assessment of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) population in the North Pacific was conducted using catch and effort data from commercial longline and large mesh driftnet fisheries from the years 1971 through 2002 as well as small mesh driftnet fisheries operating primarily in the 1980s. Because reporting of shark catch has not been required in these fisheries, which target primarily tunas, a system for identifying the more reliable longline catch reports was utilized. Two different assessment models were utilized, a surplus production model, and an integrated age and spatial structured model tested with a variety of structural assumptions. The two models were found to be in general agreement. The trends in abundance in the production model and all alternate runs of the integrated model show the same pattern of decline in the 1980s followed by recovery to above the level at the start of the time series. The integrated model analyses indicated some probability (around 30%) that biomass at the end of the time series was less than BMSY (overfished) and that there was a lesser probability at that time that fishing mortality was greater than FMSY (overfishing occurring). There was an increasing trend in total effort expended by longline fisheries toward the end of the time series, and this trend may have continued thereafter. It would be prudent to assume that the population is at least close to MSY level and fishing mortality may be approaching to the MSY level in the future.

Getting involved in caring for Hawaii's Coastal Resources: A community guidebook

Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Komoto Jill

Mauka (toward the mountains) and makai (toward the ocean) are not just directional references; they embody our fundamental natural and cultural resources, land and ocean. Hawaiians believe there is a balance between ocean and land. In traditional times, the ocean and its marine life were as well known as the life attributes of the upland areas. This intimate relationship with nature resonates today in the modern principle of sustainability. We continue a strong interconnected, interrelated and interdependent relationship with our natural and cultural resources. Some call it ecosystem-based stewardship.

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