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State of Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report.

SPREP Publications, Environmental Monitoring and Governance, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Pacific islands are hotspots of unique biodiversity. Our ancestral traditions are linked to nature. However, these traditions, the natural environment, and biodiversity are threatened by changing global and regional environmental pressures, ecological degradation, growing human populations, changing demands of our societies, and the impacts of climate change and sea level rise.

State of the Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report: Indicator 1 - Environment Ministry budget allocation

SPREP Publications, Environmental Monitoring and Governance, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Measuring the amount that a government allocates to the environment is challenging due to overlapping sector plans or integration of environmental management into a larger ministry without a corresponding public budget report that specifies ‘environmental’ spending. Some countries separate the management of fisheries and marine resources from that of other environmental and climate change response actions.

State of the Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report: Indicator 2 - MEA Reporting Requirements

SPREP Publications, Environmental Monitoring and Governance, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

The number of multilateral environment agreements (MEAs) varies by country, with at least 20 MEAs for the Pacific islands region. Pacific leaders have adopted the Convention on Biological Diversity with its Aichi Targets (2011–2020), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and several other global, regional, and national commitments that rely on resourced environmental management.

State of the Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report: Indicator 3 - Terrestrial Wildlife Protection

SPREP Publications, Environmental Monitoring and Governance, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

The full range of wildlife use in the Pacific islands region is outside of the scope of the present indicator. Many wildlife species are used in modern Pacific societies, on land, at sea, and in coastal areas. Wildlife is used for subsistence, traditional ritual, and in a range of industries, including the aquarium and seashell trade, decorative arts, agrifood, tourism, pet trade, and more

State of the Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report: Indicator 4 - Native forest cover

SPREP Publications, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

The status of the region’s forests was deemed Fair to Good, with the majority of Pacific islands still having relatively high for est cover, higher than the global average. The area of unlogged primary forest varies across the region, with large areas in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and countries like Cook Islands and Kiribati having no primary forest left

State of the Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report: Indicator 5 - Freshwater Quality

SPREP Publications, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

There are active drinking water or freshwater monitoring progra mmes in 11 of 14 Pacific countries and 6 of 7 territories. The primary challenge is the regularity and frequency of sampling, the capacity to process samples accurately in country, and the official response process to the findings. There is no regional data collation for this proposed indicator , to date. Escherichia coli occurs naturally in human and animal intestines and therefore can be used as a proxy for untreated sewage contamination or other pollution.

State of the Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report: Indicator 6 - Land under cultivation

SPREP Publications, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Agriculture is a foundational industry in Pacific island economi es and central to the independence of island communities. Together, agriculture, forestry and fishing provide from 3% to over 25% of the GDP of Pacific island countries, with a regional average of 17% (World Bank 2020), and agriculture accounts for a large share of employment (ADB 2015). The status of the region’s land under cultivation was deemed fair to good, based on national estimations in national State of Environment reporting (seven countries) and given the use of over 20% of land for agriculture in over half of the islands.

State of the Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report: Indicator 7 - Wetlands

SPREP Publications, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

The Pacific island region has diverse wetlands, such as the classic coastal ecosystems of mangrove forests, salt marshes, coral reefs, and seagrass beds along with rivers, freshwater lakes, and swamps (SPREP 2016). However, these wetlands are understudied. Land-use change and environmental change can alter the areal extent and condition of wetlands, and the pace of these changes vary among Pacific islands.

State of the Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report: Indicator 8 - Live Coral Cover

SPREP Publications, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Simplifying coral reef ecosystems to a single number for a country, or for a region, runs counter to our knowledge of the complexity and variability that characterise healthy reefs in a healthy ocean scape. The Pacific island region has very diverse corals and many types of reefs. Due to differences in the coral shapes and associated community of species, it is not possible to identify a single value as a health threshold for live coral cover. Instead, we can look for changes in live coral cover at a given reef, along with changes in species abundance and other factors that characterise a coral reef system.

State of the Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report: Indicator 9 - Lagoon Water Quality

SPREP Publications, Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

Enterococci are used as an indicator for the microbiological quality of marine waters from the standpoint of human health. The same bacterial group is also commonly used as an indicator for safe consumption of shellfish. The safety thresholds differ by the type of use, such as swimming or consumption of seafood from the marine area.

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