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Spatial dynamics of invasion and distribution of alien frogs in a biodiversity hotspot archipelago
Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB
Available Online

Diesmos, A.C.

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Diesmos, M.L.L.

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Pili, A.N.

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Supsup, C.E.

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Sy, E.Y.

2019
The endemic-rich amphibian fauna of the Philippine Archipelago (ca. 350,000 km2) includes six alien frogs: the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), Asiatic painted toad (Kaloula pulchra), cane toad (Rhinella marina), Chinese bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus), green paddy frog (Hylarana erythraea), and greenhouse frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris). The chronological history of their invasion across the Philippines was reconstructed based on historical and geographic data. Subsequently, we estimated their current and potential distribution through species distribution modelling and Gaussian kernel density smoothing species distribution data. Seven known and potential pathways of introduction into and spread throughout the Philippines were identifi ed, namely, intentional introduction as a (1) biocontrol agent and (2) food source; contamination of (3) agriculture trade, (4) aquaculture trade, and (5) ornamental plant trade; (6) stowaway of cargo; and (7) through the exotic pet trade. Spatio-temporal patterns of distribution showed a stratifi ed diff usion process of spread wherein human-mediated jum dispersal is the primary mode followed by diff usion dispersal. The status of the American bullfrog in the Philippines is unresolved, whether it has successfully established. Meanwhile, the other five alien frogs have established populations in the wild, typically the dominant species in both artificial and disturbed habitats, and are continuously spreading throughout the Philippines. Estimates of current and potential distribution indicate that none of the alien frogs has realised its full potential distribution and that the cane toad is the most widespread, occurring in almost all major islands of the Philippines (ca. 85%), while the greenhouse frog is the least distributed, being found so far in eight provinces and on seven islands. In light of these findings, we provide policy and management recommendations for responding to current and future alien frog invasions.
Cane toad strategy for Western Australia 2014 to 2019
BRB
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The Government of Western Australia, Department of Parks and Wildlife

Cane toads introduced to Queensland in 1935, are major environmental pests in Western Australia, having arrived here in February 2009. The Liberal National Government released a 10-year Cane Toad Strategy for Western Australia in 2009. Over the first five years of the strategy, much has been achieved and the government has invested more than $7.8 million in on –ground activities and research to help control the spread of can toads. With a range of stakeholders, including community groups, universities, the Australian Government, local shires, Indigenous groups and others, the State of Government has implemented many new can toad management programs including a field-based cane toad surveillance and response team, strengthened quarantine measures, a free-call hotline to report cane toad sightings and cane toad drop off points. Major biological survey work has provided benchmark information on important island wildlife populations that need priority protection from cane toad. Biological controls are also being researched for the survival of native wildlife species in the short and medium terms and management of cane toads in the longer term. Educating the community has prevented new populations from establishing in Perth and elsewhere. Detector dog specially trained to sniff out cane toads is a proactive measure to stem the spread of this noxious pest. This is a review and update on the original 10 year strategy to review and update the strategy to reflect progress in implementation, the current status of cane toads in WA and results of ongoing research, and to refocus its aims and objectives. Cost effective activities and an integrated approach with other initiatives across WA, such as the $81.5 million Kimberley Science and Conservation Strategy, are required. The revised Cane Toad Strategy for Western Australia 2014-2019 will ensure the available information is used to inform Wa’s continued management of cane toads.