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The World Bank Environmental and Social framework
Environmental Monitoring and Governance
Available Online
2017
The World bank Environmental and Social Framework sets out the World Bank's commitment to sustainable development, through a Bank policy and a set of environmental and social standards that are designed to support borrower's projects, with the aim of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity.
Potential economic damage from introduction of Brown Tree Snakes, Boiga Irregularis (Reptilia: Colubridae), to the Islands of Hawaii
BRB

Gebhardt, Karen

,

Kirkpatrick, Katy N.

,

Shwiff, Stephanie A.

,

Shwiff, Steven S.

2010
The Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) has caused ecological and economic damage to Guam, and the snake has the potential to colonize other islands in the Paci c Ocean. This study quanti es the potential economic damage if the snake were translocated, established in the state of Hawai‘i, and causing damage at levels similar to those on Guam. Damages modeled included costs of medical treatments due to snakebites, snake-caused power outages, and decreased tourism resulting from effects of the snake. Damage caused by presence of the Brown Tree Snake on Guam was used as a guide to estimate potential economic damage to Hawai‘i from both medical- and power outage–related damage. To predict tourism impact, a survey was administered to Hawaiian tourists that identi ed tourist responses to potential effects of the Brown Tree Snake. These results were then used in an input-output model to predict damage to the state economy. Summing these damages resulted in an estimated total potential annual damage to Hawai‘i of between $593 million and $2.14 billion. This economic analysis provides a range of potential damages that policy makers can use in evaluation of future prevention and control programs.
Rat eradication on small islands in the Vava'u group, Kindom on Tonga
BRB
Available Online

Houston D.M.

2003
In June/July 2002 the eradication of Pacific rats from Maninita Island in the Vava'u group of the Kingdom of Tonga was attempted using Brodifacoum pellets in bait stations. In December 2002, Maninita was revisited and rat trapping carried out to determine if rats were present. While no rats were caught and none were seen, further monitoring in June 2003 is recommended before the island is declared "rat free '. Using the same techniques used on Maninita, the eradication of rats on neighbouring Taula and Lua Loli was attempted. Despite poor weather delaying rebaiting visits to the islands, the operation thus far appears successful. Permanent bait stations set up on Maninita to minimise the risk of rats re-invading the island were found to have been tampered with and evidence of booby chick harvesting was seen on Taula. Regular visits to the islands to maintain bait stations and maintain a presence are recommended.
Conservation of the Tahiti flycatcher (Pomarea nigra) : Report on advice provided to Societe d'Ornithologie de Polynesie
Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB
Available Online

Blanvillian, C.

,

Pierce, R.J.

2000
The Tahiti flycatcher (Pomarea nigra) is one of several monarch flycatcher species in the Polynesian genus Pomarea, all of which are threatened. The Tahiti flycatcher is currently known from only the western side of Tahiti where, during the 1998-99 season, at least 24 individuals, including 10 pairs, were located in four valleys (Blanvillain 1999). Although ten nests were protected from rats in 1998-99, only three were successful in fledging young. Two of these young apparently disappeared one week after fledging and the third, two months after fledging (Blanvillain 1999). Concern was raised about the possible predation by common myna (Acridotheres tristis), and/or red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) on juveniles. In 1999-2000 the Societe d'Ornithologie de Polynesie (MANU) was granted funding for Tahiti flycatcher conservation by the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). During 13-26 September 1999, RP visited Tahiti to advise and help CB with aspects of the programme. This advisory work was funded by the N.Z. Ornithological Congress Trust Board (ICBP). It builds on work by Gaze & Blanvillain (1998) funded by the Pacific Development and Conservation Trust.
Environmental effects of rodent Talon baiting Part I : Monitoring for toxic residues : Part II Impacts on invertebrate populations
BRB
Available Online

Morgan, D. R.

,

Spurr, E. B.

,

Wright, G. R.

1998
Although Talon® baits containing brodifacoum have been used successfully in eradicating rats from some of New Zealand’s offshore islands, little is known about any environmental effects of this toxin. We sampled invertebrates, blackbirds, soil, and water at intervals of 2 days to 9 months to determine whether brodifacoum residues were present after aerial distribution of Talon® 20P cereal pellets on Red Mercury Island and after bait-station use of Talon® 50WB wax-coated cereal blocks on Coppermine Island. No brodifacoum residues were found in soil, water, or most (99%) invertebrate samples. Low to moderate residues were found in one sample of slugs collected 2 days after aerial sowing. Tissues from all birds (n=4) and rats (n=3) found dead and livers from all six birds collected alive 8 months after aerial baiting also contained low to moderate residues. These preliminary results suggest that few invertebrates are likely to be contaminated as a result of Talon® baiting. Tentatively, we suggest that although some invertebrates may eat Talon® baits, it appears that the brodifacoum is either metabolised and/or excreted within a few days. The dead blackbirds found, therefore, were more likely to have been killed by primary than by secondary poisoning. Further monitoring for brodifacoum residues after Talon® operations should be undertaken to confirm that contamination of invertebrates, soil, and water is unlikely. Some bird species may be at risk from Talon® baiting. Likely effects on population levels of such species should be considered to help assess the risk and benefits of Talon® use in rodent eradication.

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