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Pacific Conversation Card Series : Lungs of Shores: Restoring Coastal Wetlands

SPREP Publications, Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

These missing wetlands were part of our planet’s life support system, and big pressures are still facing the wetlands that remain. Mangroves, marshes, seagrasses, and coral reefs generate wealth for our communities and treasures for our cultural traditions.

Pigs Management in the French territories

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

The World Bank Environmental and Social framework

Environmental Monitoring and Governance

Available Online

The World bank Environmental and Social Framework sets out the World Bank's commitment to sustainable development, through a Bank policy and a set of environmental and social standards that are designed to support borrower's projects, with the aim of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity.

A second world ocean assessment volume II

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

Coastal communities play a key role in supporting all components of the ocean economy, as well as a range of social and cultural values, and all forms of coastal and marine management governance. This ocean supports a wide range of economic activities, including the harvesting of food, shipping seabed mining, offshore hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation tourism and recreation use of marine genetic resources, production of fresh water by desalinization and production of salt.

Recovery and current status of seabirds on the Baja California Pacific Islands, Mexico, following restoration actions

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

Aguilar-Vargas, A.

Aguirre-Muñoz, A.

Aztorga-Ornelas, A.

Bedolla-Guzmán, Y.

Bravo-Hernández, E.

Corrales-Sauceda, M.

Cárdenas-Tapia, A.

Fabila-Blanco, A.

Félix-Lizárraga, M.

Hernández-Montoya, J.

Hernández-Ríos, A.

Latofski-Robles, M.

Luna-Mendoza, L.

Méndez-Sánchez, F.

Ortiz-Alcaraz, A.

Rojas-Mayoral, E.

Solís-Carlos, F.

Torres-García, F.

The Baja California Pacifc Islands, Mexico, are globally important breeding sites for 22 seabird species and subspecies. In the past, several populations were extirpated or reduced due to invasive mammals, human disturbance, and contaminants. Over the past two decades, we have removed invasive predators and, for the last decade, we have been implementing a Seabird Restoration Programme on eight groups of islands: Coronado, Todos Santos, San Martín, San Jerónimo, San Benito, Natividad, San Roque, and Asunción. This programme includes monitoring; social attraction techniques; removal of invasive vegetation; reducing human disturbance; and an environmental learning and biosecurity programme. Here, we summarise historical extirpations and recolonisations during the last two decades of restoration actions, and we update the status of breeding species after more than a decade. To date, from 27 historically extirpated populations, 80% have returned since the ?rst eradication in 1995. Social attraction techniques were key in recolonisations of Cassins auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), royal tern (Thalasseus maximus), and elegant tern (T. elegans). A total of 19 species breed on these islands, four more species than a decade ago, including 12 new records. The most abundant seabirds, black-vented shearwater (Puffnus opisthomelas), Cassins auklet, western gull (Larus occidentalis), and Brandts cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), have shown a remarkable population increase. Current threats include the potential reintroduction of invasive mammals, guano mining, recreational activities, pollution, and commercial ?sheries. To maintain these conservation gains in the long-term it is necessary to continue implementing restoration actions and reinforcing protection on these important natural protected areas.

Invasive species removals and scale contrasting island and mainland experience

Available Online

Adriaens, T.

Booy, O.

Mill, A.

Robertson, P.

Roy, S.

Shirley, M.

Tatayah, V.

Ward, A.

Recent years have seen large increases in the number and size of successful invasive species eradications from islands. There is also a long history of large scale removals on larger land-masses. These programmes for mammals and terrestrial plants follow the same cost-area relationship although spanning 10 orders of magnitude in scale. Eradication can be readily defined in island situations but can be more complex on larger land-masses where uncertainties defining the extent of a population, multiple population centres on the same land-mass and ongoing risks of immigration are commonplace. The term complete removal is proposed to describe removal from an area with ongoing eff ort to maintain the area as clear, as features in many larger scale mainland programmes. Examples of complete removal to a boundary, in patches and in habitat islands are discussed. While island eradications continue to grow in scale, new legislation such as the lists of Species of European Union Concern will also drive increasing management on larger land-masses. However, these lists include large numbers of species that are already widespread. Methods are needed to prioritise species to reflect both the risks posed and the feasibility of management, including the effects of scale on cost and effectiveness.

Eradication and control programmes for invasive mynas (Acridotheres spp.) and bulbuls (Pycnonotus spp.): defining best practice in managing invasive bird populations on oceanic islands

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

Reynolds, S.J.

Saavedra Cruz, S.

Invasive plants and animals inflict much damage on native species and this is particularly the case on isolated oceanic islands with high degrees of endemism. Such islands commonly are important refugia for species of high conservation value. Some of the most pervasive and potent of invasive animal species are birds of the myna (Acridotheres) and bulbul (Pycnonotus) genera that historically were introduced to isolated islands as biological control agents for the management of insect pest species that can cause considerable economic damage to agricultural crops and wider ecosystems. In this paper we consider a number of successful eradication and control programmes targeting mynas and bulbuls. We review the locations and taxa where 17 such programmes took place and report that the common myna (Acridotheres tristis) has been the most heavily targeted species in eradication eff orts followed by the red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus). Common mynas were also at the focus of control programmes as were jungle mynas (Acridotheres fuscus) and red-vented bulbuls (Pycnonotus cafer). By far the most favoured method of eradication and control was trapping whereas mist-netting was employed rarely. We discuss best practice in planning and executing such eradication and control programmes on oceanic islands so as to maximise their benefits to local human communities. We outline measures that must be adopted pre-, during and post-intervention in both programme types. They include adequate resourcing, local engagement and the integration of both traditional ecological knowledge and established conservation theory.

Criteria to help evaluate and guide attempts to eradicate terrestrial arthropod pests

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

Broome, K.

Brown, K.

Green, C.

Phillips, C.B.

Walker, G.

Attempts to eradicate invasive terrestrial arthropods are often regarded as gambles. They o?er the possibility of long term freedom from a pest but are usually confronted with substantial uncertainty and come with a range of technical, economic, environmental, social and political risks. Few guidelines are available for evaluating eradication attempts against terrestrial arthropods. Here, we build on scienti?c literature, including six criteria previously developed to evaluate the feasibility of vertebrate eradications, and our own experiences to de?ne nine criteria that are intended to both assist experts to evaluate proposed arthropod eradication attempts and guide attempts that are underway. The criteria are straight forward and easily interpreted, though evaluating them for a particular programme relies on expert group assessment that will often benefit from rigorous supporting statistical and/or modelling analyses.

Eradication of invasive alien crayfish: past experiences and further possibilities

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

Sandodden, R.

The EU regulation 1143/2014 On the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species entered into force on 1 January 2015. On 13 July 2016, the EU list of invasive alien species that require action was adopted. The list includes ?ve di?erent cray?sh species. Member states will be required to take measures for early detection and rapid eradication of these species. Except for some eradications performed in the United Kingdom and Norway, there has not been much e?ort put into eradication of invasive cray?sh species throughout Europe. The reasons for this are probably complex and di?er between member states. Are the main reasons legislative constraints, ability to eradicate or lack of knowledge and experience? Is eradication of alien cray?sh possible and desirable, and what is left to save in Europe? Focus could be put into identifying or creating island populations of special concern and preserve them for the future survival of European native cray?sh populations. Eradication measures should be considered as an option in this work. What are the experiences from completed eradication e?orts in Europe? Two cray?sh eradications have been performed in Norway, and both have been successful. The eradications were performed in locations with several ponds and small streams and performed using the synthetic pyrethroid-based pharmaceutical BETAMAX VET®. Both legislative and funding constraints seem less prominent as successful eradications have been con?rmed. Time will show if this trend will spread throughout Europe.

Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico Island Conservation - preventing extinctions

Available Online

Desecheo Island supports important populations of plants, as well as animals found nowhere else in the world such as the Desecheo Anole, Desecheo Ameiva, and Desecheo Dwarf Gecko. Before the introduction of invasive rats, the island hosted large colonies of breeding seabirds, including the worlds largest Brown Booby colony and an important Red-footed Booby colony. But, due to the destruction of native vegetation and predation on eggs and chicks by these invasive rats, seabirds no longer nest on Desecheo and many plants and animals are threatened. Island Conservation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are working together to remove invasive rats from Desecheo Island. With the island free of invasive species, native plants and animals will once again be able to thrive in their natural habitat. Coral reefs in the Marine Reserve surrounding Desecheo (managed by the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources) are also expected to benefit from the islands restoration; increased vegetation will reduce soil erosion into the sea, and the seabirds will provide valuable nutrients to the adjacent marine ecosystems.

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