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Asian Development Bank Member Factsheet - Vanuatu

Available Online

Vanuatu is an archipelago with a population of about 297,000 people spread across 84 islands in the West Pacific. It is ranked the most vulnerable country in the world to natural disasters and the effects of climate change. Economic growth has traditionally been driven by tourism, public spending on infrastructure, private sector construction activities, and aid flows. The largely rural population is engaged in subsistence farming and limited production of copra, beef, cocoa, and kava for export.

Asian Development Bank Member Factsheet - Tonga

Available Online

Tonga is a small island economy with the challenges of geographic isolation, limited human and financial resources a small domestic market, and high costs of doing business. The country relies significantly on official development assistance and remittances increasing its vulnerability to external shocks.

Predator-Free Rakiura. An economic appraisal.

Available Online

Morgan, Gareth

Simmons, Geoff

This report estimates the benefits of making Rakiura and surrounding islands predator free. The proposal is to do this in two phases, starting with the Halfmoon Bay area (denoted in this report as HMB) before progressing to the rest of the island (denoted in this report as full).

Potential public health benefits from eradicating rts in New Zealand cities and a tentative research agenda.

Available Online

Baker, Michael G.

Blaschke, Paul.

Mansoor, Osman D.

McIntyre, Mary.

Muellner, Petra.

Wilson, Nick. ? Mary McIntyre ? Paul Blaschke ? Petra Muellner ? Osman D Mansoor ? Michael G Baker

The eradication of some introduced pests such as rats, stoats and possums in New Zealand seems increasingly feasible with successful action to date in various cities (e.g. Wellington City) and with the governments national 2050 predator-free goal. Here we specifically detail the potential benefits of urban rat eradication and find these cover a wide range of topics including a potentially reduced risk of infection from at least seven zoonotic diseases (e.g. leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, murine typhus; and three enteric diseases). Other potential benefits include: psychological benefits from increased native bird life in cities; reduced damage to food supplies; reduced rat damage to building insulation and to building walls and roofing; and reduced fires in buildings associated with rat damage. However, there is considerable uncertainty on the size of such impacts and so we outline a tentative research agenda as a first step towards quantification of the likely key public health benefits of rat eradication.

Impacts of aerial 1080 possum control operations on North Island robins and moreporks in Pureora 1997 and 1998

Available Online

Knegtmans, Jaap W.

Powlesland, Ralph G.

Styche, Andrew

This is the final report describing the results from the second and third years of a three-year programme to determine the costs and benefits of aerial 1080 possum control operations to North Island robins (Petroica australis longipes) and moreporks (Ninox novaeseelandiae) in Pureora Forest Park, North Island, New Zealand. During this study robins were individually colour-banded, and moreporks radio-tagged in both treatment and non-treatment study areas. A poison operation using carrot baits in August 1997 covered 8577 ha and incorporated the 300 ha Waimanoa study area. A poison operation using cereal baits in August 1998 covered just the 200 ha Long Ridge study area. After the 1997 operation, very few possums remained alive and rat foot-print tracking indices remained very low during the robin nesting season (September 1997 February 1998). Similarly, possum and rat population indices were much reduced after the 1998 operation, but rats and possums were found in a small portion of the study area, presumably because it did not receive baits. Following both the 1997 and 1998 poison operations, there was no significant difference in the proportion of banded robins that disappeared from the non-treatment and treatment study areas. During the 1997/98 nesting season, the nesting success of robins was significantly better in the treatment area than in the non-treatment area. One year after the poison operation (spring 1998), the robin population in the treatment area had increased by 37% on the number present just prior to the poison operation, compared with 16.3% in the non-treatment area. No radio-tagged moreporks were available in the treatment area during the 1997 poison operation, and all three radio-tagged in each of treatment and non-treatment areas were still alive two months after the poison operation in 1998.

Susceptibilty of terrestrial amphipods, especially Tara taranaki, to possum control operations

Available Online

Duncan, K. W.

The role and nature of Tara taranaki are described. Its links to other species are considered; and the possible effects of possums on the species is discussed. It is likely that 1080 poison is highly toxic to amphipods, but no matter how poisonous it is to Tara taranaki, its use is likely to be far less damaging in the long term to this species than are the effects of an uncontrolled possum population.

Monitoring possum numbers following 1080 poison control at Mapara reserse

Stephens, Theo

1080 poisoned baits (Wanganui No. 7) were aerially spread throughout the three blocks of Mapara reserve in September 1990 and again in October 1991 to control possums. Changes in possum abundance were monitored by trapping, using a modified version of Seber's "removal method". A trapping method was chosen in preference to spotlight counts, bait take and pellet counts because a suitable control area, critical to these methods, was not available; traps were already in place on permanent sets; and trapping contributes to the control objective. The removal index was considered more suitable for monitoring than the simpler catch per unit effort index (number of possums caught per 3 trap-nights) because the latter is affected by variation in possum catchability, as well as possum abundance. The removal method depends on obtaining declining catches on successive nights. There is a significant risk that the method will not give a meaningful result if trapping intensity is inadequate or if nightly variation in catchability is excessive. The catch per unit effort index is still available if an abundance index based on the removal method is unobtainable. The 1990 poison operation reduced possum numbers to 21% of pre-poison abundance (95% Confidence Limits (CL) were 13.8% and 28.2%). During the following year, possum numbers built up to 39.5% (95% CL 28.7% and 50.3%) of pre-poison abundance and 1991 poison operation caused a non-significant reduction to 32.2% (95% CL 21.8% and 42.6%). Thus the September 1991 operation probably did not reduce possum densities to the level attained in October 1990. The reason for the poor kill following the 1991 poison drop is unknown, although several possibilities are identified.

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