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Asian Development Bank Member Factsheet - Vanuatu
Available Online
2020
Vanuatu is an archipelago with a population of about 297,000 people spread across 84 islands in the West Pacific. It is ranked the most vulnerable country in the world to natural disasters and the effects of climate change. Economic growth has traditionally been driven by tourism, public spending on infrastructure, private sector construction activities, and aid flows. The largely rural population is engaged in subsistence farming and limited production of copra, beef, cocoa, and kava for export.
Asian Development Bank Member Factsheet - Tonga
Available Online
2020
Tonga is a small island economy with the challenges of geographic isolation, limited human and financial resources a small domestic market, and high costs of doing business. The country relies significantly on official development assistance and remittances increasing its vulnerability to external shocks.
Tuvalu national biodiversity strategy and action plan: fifth national report to the convention on biological diversity.
BRB
Available Online

Alefaio, S

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Falega, E

,

Penivao, F

,

Saitala, M

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Teakau, F

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Tekenene, M

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Thaman, R

2016
The isolated, small, low-lying resource-poor atolls of Tuvalu are clearly on the frontline against climate change, the escalating impacts natural disasters and declining food, health and energy security.
Observations of a rapid decline in invasive macroalgal cover linked to green turtle grazing in Hawaiian marine reserve
BRB
Available Online

Bahr, Keisha D.

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Balazs, George H.

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Coffey, Daniel M.

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Rodgers, Ku'ulei

2018
Since the 1950's, 19 algal species were intentionally (e.g., aquaculture food) and/or accidentally (e.g., ballast water) introduced into Hawaii (Glenn and Doty 1990).
Introduced rats indirectly change marine rocky intertidal communities from algae- to invertebrate-dominated
Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB
Available Online

Croll, Donald A.

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Kurle, Carolyn M.

,

Tershy, Bernie R.

2008
It is widely recognized that trophic interactions structure ecological communities, but their effects are usually only demonstrated on a small scale. As a result, landscape-level documentations of trophic cascades that alter entire communities are scarce. Islands invaded by animals provide natural experiment opportunities both to measure general trophic effects across large spatial scales and to etermine the trophic roles of invasive species within native ecosystems. Studies addressing the trophic interactions of invasive species most often focus on their direct effects. To investigate both the presence of a landscape-level trophic cascade and the direct and indirect effects of an invasive species, we examined the impacts of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) introduced to the Aleutian Islands on marine bird densities and marine rocky intertidal community structures through surveys conducted on invaded and rat-free islands throughout the entire 1,900-km archipelago. Densities of birds that forage in the intertidal were higher on islands without rats. Marine intertidal invertebrates were more abundant on islands with rats, whereas fleshy algal cover was reduced. Our results demonstrate that invasive rats directly reduce bird densities through predation and significantly affect invertebrate and marine algal abundance in the rocky intertidal indirectly via a cross-community trophic cascade, unexpectedly changing the intertidal community structure from an algae- to an invertebrate-dominated system.
Report on the distribution of the introduced seaweeds (Codium arenicola and Spatoglossum macrodontum) and the distribution and density of the crown of thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) Reports 1 & 2 in Samoa
Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB
Available Online

Division of Environment & Conservation

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Marine Conservation Section

,

Ministry of Natural Resources

2014
An initial survey of the marine environment carried out in 2008 byDr.Posa Skelton and the Marine Conservation Section of the Division of Environment and Conservation, assessed selected sites for the presence of introduced species and the potential impacts on the marine environment. Surveys were conducted around the Apia harbour, Mulinuu and the Palolo Deep Marine Reserve- a total of eleven (11) sites. Findings from this initial assessment confirmed the presence of introduced species that were potentially invasive. This included two introduced seaweeds, Codiumarenicolaand Spatoglossummacroduntum that were observed distributed and well established across these sites.
Seaweeds of American Samoa
BRB
Available Online

Posa A. Skelton

This study provides the latest, up-to-date information on the diversity of marine plants (algae and seagrasses) of American Samoa. A general introduction to marine plants is provided, with observations on the flora of the islands. An illustrated guide to 67 macroalgae and seagrasses is provided in this report. The surveys covered 26 sites from four inhabited islands Tutuila, Aunu’u, Ofu and Olosega and two smaller uninhabited islands – Nu’utele and Nu’usilaelae. The habitats surveyed include subtidal sites to 20-m depth, inter tidal and the spray or splash zone. It also included surveys of relatively pristine coral reefs as well as high impact areas such as the inner Pago Pago Harbor. Two separate surveys, both over a two-week period in October 2002 and September 2003 were carried out and the final results are reported herein. A total of 635 specimens were analyzed and 239 algal and seagrass species were enumerated. The red algae (Rhodophyta) had the highest number of species with 133 identified. The green algae (Chlorophyta) had 60 species, the brown algae (Phaeophyta) had 29, and the blue-green (Cyanophyta) 27; only two seagrass species were found. This study showed that the flora of American Samoa is diverse, and that what is recorded reflects about 60% of the potential flora. The most diverse site was Utulei with 56 species; a site located near the Pago Pago Harbor entrance. Other notable diverse sites include the Fagatele National Marine Sanctuary with 50 species, Fagasa (44), Mafafa (36), Aua (32), and Onososopo and Fagaalu both with 31 species. The least diverse sites were the docks and the smaller Nu’usilaelae Island. This is attributed to the limited collections from these sites for safety reasons. There are no substantiated records of endemic algae or seagrasses from American Samoa. Two species recorded by the American phycologist, William Setchell in 1924 (Sargassum fonanonense and Sargassum anapense) need more studies to verify their endemicity, as similar species have been recorded in the neighboring Western Samoa islands, where they are known under different names. Four algae are considered to be recently introduced into the American Samoan flora. Halymenia durvillei and Caulerpa serrulata may have been introduced from Apia Harbor, Western Samoa, whereas Grateloupia filicina and Codium mamillosum may have been introduced from places beyond the Archipelago. Although only single specimens were collected for the latter two algae, it is prudent that monitoring and surveys must be maintained to keep abreast of any potential impacts. The flora of American Samoa fits in with the biogeographic theory of decreasing diversity away from the Indo-Pacific centre of biodiversity. The 222 species of red, green and brown algae is well above those of the Cook Islands (67) and the Easter Islands (134), but below that of French Polynesia (308). The reason for this disparity is attributed to the intensity of collections. The diversity of American Samoan seagrasses and algae are better known than those of neighboring island countries. To allow for a continuous buildup and maintenance of this knowledge the following observations and recommendations are made.

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