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Spatial dynamics of invasion and distribution of alien frogs in a biodiversity hotspot archipelago

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

Diesmos, A.C.

Diesmos, M.L.L.

Pili, A.N.

Supsup, C.E.

Sy, E.Y.

The endemic-rich amphibian fauna of the Philippine Archipelago (ca. 350,000 km2) includes six alien frogs: the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), Asiatic painted toad (Kaloula pulchra), cane toad (Rhinella marina), Chinese bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus), green paddy frog (Hylarana erythraea), and greenhouse frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris). The chronological history of their invasion across the Philippines was reconstructed based on historical and geographic data. Subsequently, we estimated their current and potential distribution through species distribution modelling and Gaussian kernel density smoothing species distribution data. Seven known and potential pathways of introduction into and spread throughout the Philippines were identifi ed, namely, intentional introduction as a (1) biocontrol agent and (2) food source; contamination of (3) agriculture trade, (4) aquaculture trade, and (5) ornamental plant trade; (6) stowaway of cargo; and (7) through the exotic pet trade. Spatio-temporal patterns of distribution showed a stratifi ed diff usion process of spread wherein human-mediated jum dispersal is the primary mode followed by diff usion dispersal. The status of the American bullfrog in the Philippines is unresolved, whether it has successfully established. Meanwhile, the other five alien frogs have established populations in the wild, typically the dominant species in both artificial and disturbed habitats, and are continuously spreading throughout the Philippines. Estimates of current and potential distribution indicate that none of the alien frogs has realised its full potential distribution and that the cane toad is the most widespread, occurring in almost all major islands of the Philippines (ca. 85%), while the greenhouse frog is the least distributed, being found so far in eight provinces and on seven islands. In light of these findings, we provide policy and management recommendations for responding to current and future alien frog invasions.

Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) fact sheet.

Available Online

Wetlandcare Australia

4 page Fact sheet provides general information to background history, description of Cane Toad in different life stages, why they are invasive pest, and control actvities

Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) Fact Sheet

Available Online

Perth Zoo

1 page fact sheet by Perth Zoo, Australia, with brief description, diet, behavior and threats posed

The cane toad (Bufo marinus).

Available Online

Australian Government, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.

4 page Fact sheet provides general information to background history, disribution, behavior, description of Cane Toad in different life stages, why they are invasive pest, and control actvities; The Australian Government cane toad commitment is providing more than $2 million over two years (2008-09 to 2009-10) to reduce the impacts of cane toads and to develop a national cane toad plan. Through these investments under the Caring for our County initiative, the Government is continuing to assist with funding for ground-control work, as well as research and development of sustainable control measures. In 2009-10, the Government provided over $1 million for community-based control activities and research to reduce cane toad numbers.

Cane toad strategy for Western Australia 2014 to 2019

Available Online

The Government of Western Australia, Department of Parks and Wildlife

Cane toads introduced to Queensland in 1935, are major environmental pests in Western Australia, having arrived here in February 2009. The Liberal National Government released a 10-year Cane Toad Strategy for Western Australia in 2009. Over the first five years of the strategy, much has been achieved and the government has invested more than $7.8 million in on ground activities and research to help control the spread of can toads. With a range of stakeholders, including community groups, universities, the Australian Government, local shires, Indigenous groups and others, the State of Government has implemented many new can toad management programs including a field-based cane toad surveillance and response team, strengthened quarantine measures, a free-call hotline to report cane toad sightings and cane toad drop off points. Major biological survey work has provided benchmark information on important island wildlife populations that need priority protection from cane toad. Biological controls are also being researched for the survival of native wildlife species in the short and medium terms and management of cane toads in the longer term. Educating the community has prevented new populations from establishing in Perth and elsewhere. Detector dog specially trained to sniff out cane toads is a proactive measure to stem the spread of this noxious pest. This is a review and update on the original 10 year strategy to review and update the strategy to reflect progress in implementation, the current status of cane toads in WA and results of ongoing research, and to refocus its aims and objectives. Cost effective activities and an integrated approach with other initiatives across WA, such as the $81.5 million Kimberley Science and Conservation Strategy, are required. The revised Cane Toad Strategy for Western Australia 2014-2019 will ensure the available information is used to inform Was continued management of cane toads.

The cane or marine toad, rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distint species.

Available Online

Acevedo, Aldemar A.

Cipriani, Roberto

Lampio, Margarita

Rhinella marina is a Neotropical toad that has been introduced widely worldwide. Its toxic effects to frog-eating predators threaten the native and domestic fauna of some regions where it has been introduced. Despite previous studies suggesting two genetically distinct cryptic species within R. marina, one east and one west of the Andes, its taxonomic status remained unresolved due to the absence of morphological complementary evidence. For the first time, data from two mitochondrial genes (ND3 and CR) and 23 morphometric landmarks are combined to evaluate the taxonomic status of this species. Our results support the hypothesis of two separate evolutionary lineages within R. marina and demonstrate that these lineages have significantly diverged in skull shape. We identified two distinct morphotypes, one eastern and one Andean western, with no overlapping morphospaces. The geographic pattern of genetic variation was consistent with a stable structured population with no evidence of recent demographic or geographic expansions. The concordance between the observed geographic patterns in morphometric and genic traits calls for the recognition of two species under R. marina name.

Terminal evaluation of UN Environment project: Prevention, control and management on invasive alien species in the Pacific island.

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

Thomas, Peter.

Invasive alien species represent an insidious and pervasive threat to the environmental, economic and human well-being of the Pacific islands. Pacific island ecosystems make up one of the worlds important biodiversity hotspots, with high numbers of endemic species that are particularly vulnerable to extinction due to their limited habitat and isolation.|This book is intended to serve as a practical guide, calling attention to the need to link emergencies, disasters and development, not only in policy statements, but in practical ways. The book identifies physical and social factors and processes determining disaster vulnerability and offers the reader a range of vulnerability-reduction options in development and disaster mitigation. The book covers the main relief and response technologies for a range of natural and technological disasters, and deals with community participation, health education, training and other social aspects relevant to the protection of health and the environment in emergencies and disasters.|The UNEP/GEF Prevention, Control and Management of Invasive Alien Species in the Pacific Islands project also known as the IAS project, commenced on 12 September 2012 and was due for completion on 30 September 2016, following an extension of one year. The project was designed to provide support to Pacific Island countries in their national efforts to implement the Guidelines for Invasive Species Management in the Pacific a Pacific Strategy for managing pest, weeds and other invasive species (Tye 2009) which were developed and adopted as the regional strategic framework for invasive species management in 2009. Ten Pacific Island countries originally participated in the IAS project, these being the Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu. These were reduced to nine countries with the withdrawal of Papua New Guinea following the Mid-Term Review due to issues related to the countrys readiness to engage with the project. The project was therefore, responsible for delivering of support to a culturally, geographically and economic diverse set of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) spread across the vast geographical scope of the Pacific Ocean. The project was implemented by the UN Environment as the Implementing Agency (IA) and Executed by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) as the Executing Agency (EA). In-country sub projects and activities were facilitated by National Project Coordinators and overseen by national Invasive Species Coordinating Committees. Its goal "to conserve ecosystems, species and genetic diversity in the Pacific region" is broad and aspirational and is backed by the Objective "to reduce the environmental economic and human health impacts of invasive alien species in both terrestrial and marine habitats in the Pacific region". The Project consisted of 5 core components: Building foundations for sustainable Invasive Alien Species (IAS) management by generating awareness and support, building institution and human capacity and strengthening legislation, policy and protocols. Defining problems, prioritisation and decision making by improving baseline information on IAS distribution and status, establishing systems to assess risk and prioritise action and developing or utilising effective management techniques. Taking management action through improved bio-security and border protection, direct management action through eradication and application of best practice methods and restoring ecosystems after IAS management. Undertaking effective monitoring and evaluation of the project.| Establishing effective and efficient project management and governance. This Terminal Project Evaluation is undertaken by the Evaluation Office of the UN Environment in order to assess the effectiveness of the project and its likely future impact on the state of IAS management in the region and its likely impact on invasive species and the environmental health of the participating countries. Further, the report aims to discern lessons and offers recommendations which may help improve the development and implementation of similar multi-country projects in the future both in the Pacific region and globally.

Samoa - Invasives prioritization and management plannning workshop, Matautu-tai, 9-10 August 2007

Available Online

Conservation International/MNRE/Government of Samoa

To determine the top 20 manageable invasive plants in Samoa and to then prioritises the work that needs to be done to manage them effectively. The workshop will aim: Complete and cross check the invasive species prioritization spreadsheet for invasive plants in Samoa. Conduct prioritization to identify the top 20 priority invasive plants for active management in Samoa. Prepare an outline plan of necessary actions to manage the priority invasive species in Samoa.

Diet of the Giant Toad, Bufo marinus (L.) in Fiji / by Alden D. Hinckley

Hinckley, A.D

ECOLOGIE ET IMPACTS DUN PREDATEUR INTRODUIT AU SEIN DUN HOT-SPOT MONDIAL DE BIODIVERSITE - LE CHAT HARET FELIS CATUS DANS LARCHIPEL NEO-CALEDONIEN

Available Online

Pauline Palmas

Le chat haret est lun des prédateurs invasifs les plus dommageables pour la biodiversité insulaire. Sa présence est associée à une perte de biodiversité sur lensemble des îles sur lesquelles il est établi, et où il constitue une menace pour de nombreuses espèces de vertébrés souvent endémiques et menacés. En Nouvelle-Calédoniedes populations de chats harets sont présentes dans tous les milieux et habitats et létude de son écologie et de ses impacts sur la faune ont fait lobjet de ce travail de thèse. Lanalyse du régime alimentaire sur 14 sites détudes représentatifs des 4 habitats majeurs a révélé un régime très diversifié et une forte prédation sur les vertébrés natifs et notamment sur le groupe des scinques, des roussettes et des pétrels. Parmi les 44 espèces de vertébrés retrouvées dans le régime alimentaire de ce prédateur invasif, la plupart sont endémiques et 20 sont listées comme menacées sur la liste rouge mondiale de lUICN. Le suivi des déplacements dune dizaine dindividus équipés de colliers GPS au niveau dune presquîle de la côte ouest abritant une importante colonie doiseaux marins, a permis de mettre en évidence de grands domaines vitaux pour les mâles, des domaines vitaux petits pour les femelles et des patrons de déplacements importants liés aux différentes étapes du cycle reproducteur des oiseaux marins. Ces éléments, couplés aux analyses de régime alimentaire suggèrent une prédation à la fois sur les adultes reproducteurs mais également sur les jeunes oiseaux proches de lenvol, et ceci à une large échelle géographique puisque certains des chats harets concernés avaient le coeur de leur domaine vital situé à plus de 3km de la colonie. Une opération expérimentale de contrôle dune population de chats harets a été conduite sur cette presquîle et a montré une faible durabilité des effets de la suppression des individus sur les densités observées et une rapide recolonisation du site. Les résultats de ce travail plaident pour la mise en place de mesures de limitation des impacts occasionnés et permettent en particulier de cibler les habitats de maquis et forêt humide comme prioritaires en matière de limitation des abondances. Ces travaux nous éclairent également sur lemprise spatiale et lintensité des futures mesures de contrôle à conduire dans le contexte dîles de grande superficie et fortement envahies.

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