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Assessing the Impacts of Seabed Mineral Extraction in the Deep Sea and Coastal Marine Environments: Current methods and Recommendations for Environmental Risk Assessment
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Kaikkonen, Laura

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Kuikka, Sakari

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Nygard, Henrik

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Venesjarvi, Riikka

2018
Mineral extraction from seabed has experienced a recent surge of interest from both the mining industry and marine scientists. While improved methods of geological investigation have enabled the mapping of new seafloor mineral reserves, the ecological impacts of mining in both the deep sea and the shallow seabed are poorly known.
Extensive Coverage of Marine Mineral Concretions Revealed in Shallow Shelf Sea Areas
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Kaikkonen, Laura

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Kostamo, Kirsi

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Kotilainen, Aaron T.

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Lappalainen, Juho

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Virtanen, Elina A.

2019
Mineral precipitates found on surface of soft bottom seafloors are ubiquitous in the world's oceans. Formed through a combination of biogeochemical processes, mineral concretions hold high concentrations of iron, maganese, phosphorus, copper, cobalt and rare earth elements.
Deep‐sea nodules versus land ores: A Comparative Systems Analysis of Mining and Processing Wastes for battery‐metal supply chains
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Paulikas, Daina

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Virtanen, Elina A.

2022
Coastal mineral resources are promoted as a sustainable option to meet increasing metal demands. However, shallow-water mining contradicts international conservation and sustainability goals and its regulative legislation is still being developed.
IUCN - Marine Pollution from Sunken Vessels - Issue Brief, April 2023
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online
2023
Marine pollution from sunken vessels is predicted to reach its highest level this decade, wtih over 8500 shipwreckers at risk of leaking approximately 6 billion gallons of oil.
Heading to the deep end without knowing how to swim: Do we need Deep-Seabed mining?
Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Amon, Diva J.

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Levin, Lisa A.

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Metaxas, Anna

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Mudd, Gavin M.

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Smith, Craig R.

2022
The deep seafloor is regarded as a potentially large source of the minerals needed for producing batteries to fuel the transition to a low-carbon energy system, but rapid understrained mining would have severe impacts on deep-ocean ecosystems and should be avoided. We propose alternative pathways forward.
Deep-Sea Mining: A noisy affair Overview and Recommendations
Environmental Monitoring and Governance, Island and Ocean Ecosystems
Available Online

Amon, Dr Diva, J

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Martin, Cyrill

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Muller, Dr Johannes

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Weilgart, Dr Lindy

2021
This report gives an overview of the current knowledge on underwater noise emissions form Deep-sea mining (DSM) activities and their potential impacts on marine life. The report also summarises existing legal and policy frameworks in underwater noise including their shortcomings with respect to management of DSM activities in the Area. It concludes with recommendations on the necessary steps to fill knowledge gaps and create a solid basis for decision-making regarding noise DSM activities.
Addressing environmental impact assessment challenges in Pacific island countries for effective management of deep sea minerals activities
Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Bradley, Melanie

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Swaddling, Alison

2016
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an important instrument for management of deep sea minerals (DSM) activities in the Pacific islands region. However, effective EIA application is likely to be impeded by four challenges common among Pacific island countries: (1) human resource shortfalls; (2) insufficient quality control exercised over EIA reports; (3) weak compliance monitoring and enforcement; and (4) low levels of public engagement and participation in EIA. This paper identifies options for addressing the challenges, to improve EIA implementation and to ensure DSM activities are subject to appropriate regulation and oversight. Risks may be faced if the challenges are not addressed, including, failure to meet environmental management and governance obligations; loss of confidence in the regulatory system; environmental harm; and discouragement of sustainable development and investment. Pacific island countries that choose to engage with the DSM sector must apply EIA rigorously and continually work at improving their EIA systems, if they seek to maximise positive development outcomes and to minimise adverse effects on other marine users and values.
Myna Bird Inspection Report - Vailima
BRB
Available Online

Division of Enviornment and Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

2014
On Tuesday 24th June 2014, the terrestrial section of the Division of Environment and Conservation received a report from Sooalo Tito Alatimu, a principal officer of the Forestry Division, regarding a complaint from a resident of Vailima due to an unusual seen of myna birds at his place. According to Sooalo, the complainant was shocked seeing more than 100 myna birds in his compound on Sunday and Monday in the early hours of the morning and late evening, it is very unusual and the first scene to happen while staying at Vailima.
2015 Myna Survey. Report to inform the Samoan Myna Management Plan
Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB
Available Online

Serra. G.

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Young. S

2015
In May 2015, 74 line transects in three different habitat types (plantation, mixed crops, urban) were surveyed on Upolu and Savai’i islands, Samoa, with an aim of estimating the population size, density and distribution of two invasive bird species, Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) and Jungle Myna (Acridotheres fuscus). Based on the available literature, the surveyed habitats were identified as preferred foraging habitat for the two myna species. The three habitats make up 24.9% of Samoa’s land area. Survey data were analysed using the Distance program. It was estimated that the population of myna birds occurring in the plantation, mixed crops and urban habitats of Samoa is approximately 158,995 (+- 29,588). Approximately 130,030 (+- 19,837) myna were estimated to live on Upolu and 28,968 (+- 9,751) on Savai’i, across the three habitat types. Survey results also revealed that both species show a significant preference for urban habitat. Jungle Myna were estimated to be the most numerous (population estimate: 133,925 +-24,321), occurring on both islands and in all surveyed habitat types. Jungle Myna seem to have saturated the urban habitat available in Upolu and therefore have proceeded to colonise plantations and mixed crops adjacent to urban areas. Common Myna (population estimate: 23,367 +- 7,612), having reached the shores of Samoa ca. 20 years later than Jungle Myna, show highest density in urban environments. They are concentrated in the north-west section of Upolu, with only a few individuals observed on the east coast of Savai’i.
Monitoring of myna bird roosts at Moamoa
BRB
Available Online

Division of Enviornment and Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

2014
Myna birds are categorized in the ‘starling family’, they are native to Southern Asia especially India, has many species and lastly became an introduced invasive species to many countries of the Pacific including Samoa. Specifically, there are two species in the country today, jungle myna and the common myna bird, both have different characteristics but brings harm to the environment and people as whole. In 1965, the jungle myna was introduced to the country followed by the common myna in 1988, under one aspect to control cattle ticks; however, it brought great impacts to Samoa’s biodiversity.

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