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Adapting to Climate Change in FSM. The Food & Water Security Dimension.

SPREP Publications, Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

One of the most remote and beautiful places on earth - the Federated States of Micronesia is facing the harsh pinch of rising food prices.

Samoa Food Security Profile

Environmental Monitoring and Governance

Available Online

A statistics report for food security in Samoa.

Asia and the Pacific – Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2021

Available Online

This most recent report on the state of food security and nutrition in Asia and the Pacific tells a grim story. The pre-existing food security and nutrition situation in Asia and the Pacific in 2019, described in last year's report, was already quite discouraging. Progress had stalled in reducing the number of underhourished, and the prevalence of certain nutritional indicators, such as stunting in children five years of age, was much too high.

IPCC Pacific factsheet : Food

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

The projected impacts of climate change on agriculture and fisheries will undermine food production systems, but in some cases enhance productivity. Impacts of climate change on food production include warming temperatures, severe cyclones, sea level rise, floods and droughts, saltwater intrusion into freshwater and soils, as well as loss of fish stocks from ocean warming and acidification. These can all increase instances of food insecurity and malnutrition in Pacific Island nations

Annual report 2019 : Coral triangle initiative on coral reefs, fisheries and food security (CTI-CFF)

Island and Ocean Ecosystems

Available Online

In 2019, the CTI-CFF technical and governance working groups and cross cutting initiatives implemented most of the activities identified in their approved work plans. Its mission if to preserve and manage the vast marine, coastal and small islands ecosystems and the unique biodiversity of the Coral Triangle region of the Indo Pacific, which provide invaluable livelihood and food security

Food security in the Pacific - A snapshot

Environmental Monitoring and Governance

Available Online

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Maximising conservation impact by prioritising islands for biosecurity

Available Online

Bambini, L.

Dawson, J.

Havery, S.

John, L.

Oppel, S.

Radford, E.

Varnham, K.

Invasive alien species are one of the primary threats to native biodiversity on islands worldwide, and their expansion continues due to global trade and travel. Preventing the arrival and establishment of highly successful invasive species through rigorous biosecurity is known to be more economic than the removal of these species once they have established. However, many islands around the world lack biosecurity regulations or practical measures and establishing biosecurity will require social and financial investments. Guiding these investments towards islands where native biodiversity is at highest risk from potential invasions is of strategic importance to maximise conservation benefit with limited resources. Here we implement an established prioritisation approach, previously used to identify which islands will have the greatest conservation gains from the eradication of invasive species, to identify which islands would benefit the most from establishing or improving biosecurity. We demonstrate this approach for 318 islands in the Caribbean UK Overseas Territories and Bermuda where we considered all threatened native terrestrial vertebrates that are vulnerable to the most harmful invasive vertebrates (black and brown rats, cats, small Indian mongoose, green iguana). The approach calculates the increase in conservation threat score resulting from anticipated negative effects of potential invaders on native biodiversity, and highlighted Sombrero (Anguilla) and Cayman Brac (Cayman Islands) as important islands where threatened reptile species would likely be eliminated if rats, feral cats or mongoose invaded. Feasibility and cost implications should now be investigated more closely on the highlighted islands. The prioritisation presented here can be expanded to more islands and more invasive/native taxa (herbivores, plants and invertebrates), but requires a classification of the severity of potential impacts between invasive and native species for which currently little information exists. Besides highlighting opportunities for biosecurity, this approach also highlights where knowledge gaps about population sizes of and threats to reptiles with restricted ranges exist.

A little goes a long way when controlling invasive plants for biodiversity conservation

Available Online

Dudley, T.

Knapp, D.

Knapp, J.

Stahlheber, K.

Invasive species, particularly animals, are being eradicated from islands at ever more ambitious scales. In order to protect island biodiversity and the essential ecosystem functions that it provides, however, plant invasions should be given more management attention. While many advances have been made, plant eradication is inherently more difficult than animal eradication due to persistent seed banks, and eradication may not be possible for more extensive populations. While maintenance control has been successful, critics question the sustainability and priority of these efforts, and targets vary widely. Developing consistent and informed targets requires an understanding of how biodiversity varies with invader cover, yet little is known about this topic. Our research suggests that limited control efforts may be highly beneficial. We conducted a meta-analysis of 54 studies to investigate the effects of plant invasions on invertebrate diversity, incorporating invader cover and residence time as potential causal mechanisms. We also contrasted restored plots with otherwise native plots. We found that invertebrate species richness was 31% lower in exotic plots than in native plots, and that there is a threshold at around 70% invader cover after which the negative effects are significant across all studies. Furthermore, these negative effects tended to decrease with time, and invertebrate richness was even greater in restored plots. The implication is that by removing 30% or less of invasive plant cover and restoring natives, we can achieve many of our conservation goals. We argue that by maintaining invasive patches at or below 70% exotic cover at a site in the near term, we can buy time for both the islands insect herbivores to adapt to use the invader, and for managers to continue improving plant eradication technologies. By retaining native diversity in this way, we can help to increase the resistance and resilience of these systems to global change and other stressors.

Achieving large scale, long-term invasive American mink control in northern Scotland despite short term funding

Available Online

Horrill, J.

Lambin, X.

Raynor, R.

The American mink (Neovison vison) has invaded most of the United Kingdom following escapes from furfarms over decades. Its escalating impact on riparian and coastal biodiversity, including seabirds and water voles, is well documented. Starting in north-east Scotland in 2004, long-term, multi-institution mink control efforts have harnessed the enthusiasm of volunteer conservationists to push back the mink invasion over a vast area. Rather than the outcome of a single project with secured long-term funding, this achievement resulted from four successive joined up projects each with short-term funding. The beginnings of the project (20042006), under the auspices of the north-east Scotland Biodiversity Partnership were small scale (30 km2) and centred upon a lowland remnant water vole meta-population. Mink control efforts were scaled-up to 6,000 km2 of mostly marginal mink habitat as part of the Cairngorms Water Vole Conservation Project (20062009) centred on the newly established Cairngorms National Park. The project, led by the University of Aberdeen, was funded by a charity, a UK Research council and Scottish Natural Heritage and involved the national park authority, and three local fisheries trusts. The approach was to deploy a rolling carpet of mink control based on the use of mink rafts operated by volunteers and that facilitated mink detection and removal. Substantial funding was then secured for a successor project, the Scottish Mink Initiative (20102014) involving, all previous partners plus 14 local fisheries trusts coordinated by the Rivers and Fisheries Trusts of Scotland. Mink were pushed back over a vast area (29,000 km2) and their spread in coastal areas of north-west Scotland was countered. After a period with minimal bridge funding, coordinated mink control efforts resumed, thanks to the newly funded Scottish Invasive Species Initiative (20172021) seeking to extend the approach used with mink to other riparian invasives. Mink remain scarce or absent and water voles are recovering spectacularly. Coordinated mink control delivered tangible conservation benefits and improved understanding of the socio-ecological system despite the challenges of short-term funding.

Tracking invasive species eradications on islands at a global scale

Island and Ocean Ecosystems, BRB

Available Online

Cowan, P.

Genovesi, P.

Hein, S.

Holmes, N.

Keitt, B.

Russell, J.

Spatz, D.

Tershy, B.

Will, D.

Indicators for tracking conservation efforts at a global scale are rare but important tools for understanding trends and measuring progress towards global conservation targets. Eradication of invasive species from islands is an increasingly used conservation intervention in countries and territories around the world. With a goal of collating these efforts, the Database of Islands and Invasive Species Eradications (DIISE) holds records of the location, target species, year and outcome of invasive mammal and bird eradications on islands from around the world. The database is publicly available in Spanish and English, at , and represents a partnership between the University of California at Santa Cruz, University of Auckland, IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group, Landcare Research and Island Conservation. The database holds records for more than 1,200 eradication attempts. This database will continue to be added to and evolve as new opportunities for its application arise; thus, we expect these numbers to change over time as new events are added and knowledge about existing events improves.

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